Evaluation of Na+/K+ -ATPases, C-peptide receptor and ATP1A1 gene among Iraqi diabetic type 2 patients

A hallmark of Type 2 Diabetes is insulin resistance. Changes in glucose homeostasis, lipid and uric acid metabolism, vascular function, hemostasis, and coagulation, and more have all been linked to insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals. These results, identified clinically by the metabolic syndrome, are linked to numerous factors that can be adjusted to stop the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in their early stages, despite having no impact on blood glucose levels, C peptide has been proven in a number of trials to have biological effects through specific binding to as-yet-unknown receptors. C-peptide deprivation and short-term C-peptide infusion in insulin-dependent and Type 1 diabetic patients increase renal function, reduce protein leakage, and restore normal hyperfiltration. C-peptides have several biological effects, including enhancing the activity of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells and increasing the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA). Decreased erythrocyte NKA enzyme activity has been linked to neuropathy in Type 1 diabetics who have the NKA gene's allelic variation. Patients with Type 2 diabetes with the ATP1A1 genotype are more likely to get neuropathy. With its inhibitory effects on NKA enzyme activity, C-peptide contributes to the neuropathy etiology. There is a correlation between erythrocyte NKA enzyme activity and serum C- peptide levels.