Natural dyestuff extraction from different mushroom species and investigation in fiber dyeing

Fungi are a kingdom of organisms that are as complex and diverse as plants and animals, but not as much attention as other living groups, with a small percentage of them discovered and named. Some experts have suggested that there may be 10 times more fungal species than plant species. Since there are so many different types of fungi and most of them are microscopic, it is very difficult to identify them. The presence of fungi was first noticed with macrofungi species. The first use of fungi(macro fungi)by human beings goes back to the Paleolithic Period.Since macrofungi species are used in this study, their characteristics are emphasized. Since macrofungi are life forms that contain many subspecies and species on the world, it is necessary to pay attention to their morphological features during the examination without being deceived by their physical features at first glance. Because, there are species that are physically similar to each other so much that even experts have difficulties in distinguishing these species. In fact, similar species are passed through various separator tests in the laboratory and a definite result is obtained. In general, macrofungi have hat, lamella, ring, stem, volva, hyphae mycelium parts. People have always admired the colors of nature.Especially the various paintings, patterns and drawings on the cave walls in Europe, are the most important indicators of these. The first traces of painting in the world are found during the archaeological excavations in India and in the Mohenjoraro(3rd millennium BC)region. The oldest known dye in history is indigo rubai,which is obtained from plants called Indigofera.According to the records,it is known that the dyes used for the first time were metal oxide mixture,clay soil and some plant sap and it is assumed that these were mixed with water and applied to the place to be painted. Especially in recent years,lichens,algae and minerals are popular in the use of dyes.In the literature,studies on the use of mushrooms as natural dyes are quite low and the first to obtain dyes from mushrooms dates back to 1968.Natural dyestuffs from fungi are environmentally friendly ,biodegradable,less toxic,less allergenic than synthetic dyes.It is an organic alternative model especially for baby clothes. It is seen that people have dyed cotton, known as a natural fiber wool, from the first wool, from the first ages to this time. The oldest known dyestuff in history is alizarin, obtained from indigo rubai tinotoium obtained from plants called indigofera. According to the records, it is known that the dyes used fort he first time were a mixture of metal oxides, clayey soil and some plant juices. and it is assumed that they were mixed with water and applied to the area to be painted. It has been seen in the past years that various animal species were also used. Especially in recent years, lichens, algae and minerals ere popular in the use of dyestuffs. Studies on the use of mushrooms as natural dyes ere very few in the literature, and the first obtaining of a dyestuff from cork dates back to 1968. Natural dyestuffs obtained from mushrooms ere environmentally friendly, biodegradable, less toxic and less allergenic than synthetic dyestuffs. They constitute an organic alternative model especially for baby clothes. It is known that cotton, which is a natural fiber type, has been used as dyed since ancient times. Cotton fiber is the most widely used fiber because it has a very good moisture absorption capacity, provides comfortable use, is suitable for frequent washing at high temperatures and is resistant to abrasion. The cotton plant collected from the field has to go through many processes in order to become suitable for use in the textile industry. In our study, different coloring processes of cotton fiber with natural dye extracted from cork were tried and processes with the best color yield, sustainable and good use fastness values were determined. In this study, Russulavesca, Suillusbovinus, Coprinopsispicacea, Cantharelluscibarius, Lactariusdeliciosus, Lepista nuda, Trametes versicolor and Craterelluscornucopioides mushroom species were collected from Sakarya, Istanbul and the surrounding provinces. The collected mushroom species were washed and dried in microwave environment for 3 minutes.100 g. mushrooms were mixed with 1000 g of water and boiledfor about 8 minutes in the microwave environment. It is composed of Russula vescaspecies of the best hue and natural dyestuff from Russula vescaextract is made in the dyeing process. The natural dyestuffs we extract have been stored in the refrigerator for long-term use. In this dyeing study, 150 g/m2, pique fabric containing %100 cotton fiber was used. Bleaching pre-treatment has been applied to remove the chitin, color, dirt, oil, wax on the cotton fiber and to dye the fabric properly and efficiently. Caustic NaOH,(H2O2)Peroxide Soap, Peroxide Stabilizer, ion scavenger chemicals were used in the bleaching process, and the process was carried out at 950Cfor 30 minute. The peroxide remaining in the fabric and the bathroom was removed by using the peroxide catalase enzyme, as it reduces the strength of the fabric and prevents a more uniform dyeing process. In order to ensure that the natural dyestuffs obtained ere more affinity to the fabric, better fixation and the dyed fabrics have beter fastness values, the mordanting process was carried out before dyeing. Within the scope of our study, dyeing processes were determined using biomordant materials. In the dyeing process, 100 g the fabric was weighed and the liquor ratio was 1/10, using materials used from biomor were used in %5 water at 250C for 40 minutes and the fabric was weighed and the liquor ratio was taken as 1/10. Then the fabric was rinsed twice with clean water for 5 minutes and dried at room temperature. 1,5 g of the fabric applied biomordant process, weighed, 50 g the dyestuff we obtained was added without waiting. The dyeing process was carried out for 40 minutes at 250C.At the end of dyeing, the fabric were rinsed with clean water for 5 minutes and then the room cleaning dimensions. The color values of the dyed fabrics were measured in the Gretag Macbeth Color Eye 7000 A color spectrophotometer device. Washing fastness, acidic perspiration fastness, basic perspiration fastness, water fastness and rubbing fastness tests of dyed fabrics were carried out in ISO standards. Fastness test results were evaluated according to gray scale in dark room, light box. It has been seen that dyeing with the best color yield, sustainable, energy save and waste loads biomordant process is much more advantageous. As a result of our studies, it has been seen that mushrooms can be used as a good natural dyestuff source. In this context, it is among the assumptions that our country, which is very rich in biodiversity, has more than enough raw materials fort the production of natural dyestuffs, and that there ere many undiscovered mushroom species. Therefore. it is obvious that researchers will not have any trouble in this regard in terms of the fungal species required to obtain the natural dyestuff to be obtained.