Determination of kidney stone types using different spectrometric techniques and comparison of analysis results.

Kidney stone disease (also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) is caused by the deposition of mineralized crystals in the kidney calyces and pelvis, which turn into stones through a series of events. Although formed stones are treated with surgical procedures or medical interventions, it is necessary to understand the mineral type and composition of the stone to prevent recurrence and to provide special medical treatment. Crystal retention and growth; It is governed by various factors such as hyaluronic acid, osteopontin, composition of renal tubular epithelial cell surfaces, and superstarvation. However, differences in the interaction of these factors and other endogenous physiological and metabolic factors may govern the crystallization process and determine compositions. The microstructure of the stone matrix varies between stone types and can be determined by mineral composition. Compositional analysis reveals the mineral species responsible for stone formation, and ultrastructural examination of the kidney stone matrix provides additional details that are important links to pathogenesis. In this study, the microstructure and distribution of mineral components of kidney stones of different mineralogy (pure and mixed type) were analyzed. The stones removed from the patients were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDAX) connected to this microscope and its mineral composition was tried to be determined. Observations have revealed differences in the micromorphology of kidney stones with similar composition. Internal porosity and spatial variation analysis among thirty different stones was performed. The diversity in the microstructure of similar and different types of stones has shown that stone formation is complex and can be governed by both physiological and microenvironmental factors. January 2024, 126 Pages Keywords: Kidney stone, Kidney stone types, Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD).