The incidence of hospital infections and bacterial resistanceprofile in hospitals

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) at Tikrit Teaching Hospital and characterize the main microbial resistance patterns. Microbiology laboratories collected 716 clinical specimens, with pus being the most prevalent type. We conducted preliminary, culture, and biochemical identification to detect ESKAPE clinical isolates and other nosocomial infections in these hospitals. E. coli was the most predominant bacterial strain, followed by P. aeruginosa and Enterococci spp. The study discovered widespread colonization of E. coli in urine catheters, stool, and urine, and predominant colonization of K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, and P. aeruginosa in pus. Blood also contained P. aeruginosa (43.6%), while stool primarily harbored Enterococci spp. (71.92%). Penicillin did not prove beneficial for treating all clinical isolates, with the exception of E. coli and a few cases of MRSA. Ceftriaxone showed high activity against E. coli, Enterococci, and P. aeruginosa, while Cefepime showed activity against a wide range of bacteria. Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, and Azithromycin were the most effective at killing E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Amikacin, on the other hand, was most effective at killing B. cereus, E. coli, and Enterococci Spp. MIC determination for selected MDR clinical isolates revealed that several antibiotics moderately inhibited MDR S. typhi, three carbapenems inhibited MDR E. coli, and several antibiotics inhibited MDR MRSA.