A comparative essay of history on early Islamic and Mongol conquests

Although the Arabs established political institutions in the north and south of the Arabian Peninsula before Islam, what made their voices heard worldwide was the first Islamic State that was established in conjunction with the Hijrah in 622. There was no mutual war between polytheists and Muslims, although there were numerous conflicts between individuals and groups, as the Quran did not allow engaging in war when the Prophet Muhammad was in Mecca. After the Hijrah, Muslims then had a land where they could practice their own decisions. Before his death, the last prophet, the founder of the first Islamic State, witnessed the spread of Islam in a significant part of the peninsula. Soon after that, the Sassanids were ended, and the important motherlands of Byzantium were taken from the Byzantines. A similar political and military achievement was also demonstrated by the Mongols, who established their state in a remote area far from the Arabs, about six hundred years after the Arabs. Their adventures were considerably different from the conditions experienced by the early Muslims. In this regard, the Mongol experience by the late Middle Ages has demonstrated us perhaps the most effective example of a military achievement without religious motivation, as in other states established previously in Central Asia. Who the equivalent of the Prophet Muhammad is in the Mongols is none other than Genghis Khan. In this study, the two movements of expansion experienced in the Middle Ages were discussed by using a comparative method as much as possible. Keywords: Arab, Mongol, War, Conquest, Religion