Transformation in the perception of the state, society, and the individual in elementary education during the transition from subject of the empire to citizen of the republic

The purpose of this research is to reveal the transition to citizenship that commenced with the Second Constitutional Monarchy and the type of transformations that occurred in the perception of the state, society, and the individual from the Second Constitutionalist Period to the early years of the Republic within the scope of citizenship lessons that began being taught in that context. The 1914 Curriculum for Primary Schools and the 1924 Primary Schools Curriculum Program were considered in order to reveal transformations in the conception of the state, society and the individual in the framework of the construction of citizenship from the Second Constitutional Monarchy to the Republican revolution, and the citizenship texts of the period specified in the scope of these programs constituted the principles sources for this study. The elementary education level was particularly considered in the determination of the sources in question. In addition to these principal sources, the requisite information suited to the subject of the study was collected through a scan of the literature. In the light of these data, state, society, and individual-based comparison between the Second Constitutional Monarchy and Republican revolutions performed. In undertaking a comparison between the Second Constitutional Monarchy and Republican revolutions, this study is also important in showing how the Second Constitutional Monarchy diverged from the preceding political regime. The most radical transformation emerging in state-, society-, and individual-focused comparison of the Second Constitutional Monarchy and Republican revolutions in the light of the specified sources concerns the political regime. The Second Constitutional Monarchy emerged as a counter-movement against the absolutist regime and involved a limited rearrangement in the source of sovereignty, while the Republic attributed the source of sovereignty unconditionally to the people by waging a campaign of both national independence and national sovereignty. Another transformation concerns the subject of citizenship. Although steps toward building citizenship were taken in the Second Constitutional Monarchy, subject status rose to a position of citizenship with the Republic, and citizenship was placed under constitutional guarantee. Another transformation was in the sphere of society. Under the Empire, society referred to the Islamic nation, while with the construction of a new state in the context of the idea of the nation state under the Republic, the concept of the Islamic nation gave way to that of the people. These radical changes show that, in contrast to the Second Constitutional Monarchy, the Republican revolution was modern and secular. In addition to these radical transformations, the new system of values ushered in by the Republic entails numerous other differences differentiating it from the Second Constitutional Monarchy. In addition to these transformations between the two periods, various elements of continuity are also noteworthy. These are particularly the fact that schools continued to be used as an important tool in the construction of citizenship, that civilization was emphasized in seeking to build citizenship in both periods, and the rejection of the absolutist regime as a common feature of both.