Investigation of the bacterial antibiotic resistance genes that isolated from wastewater effluents and the possibility of treatment by nanotechnology

The current work aimed to identification of bacterial antibiotic resistance responsible genes from effluent wastewater and the possibility of treatment by nanotechnology techniques by using nanoelements mixed with filter compounds to full inhibition bacterial antibiotic resistance. 185 samples were performed from five sites, effluents of hospitals in Mosul City, General Hospital, Pediatrics Hospital, and Maternity Hospital at monthly intervals from March to July 2022. Sampling usually started at 9 am and was completed at midnight. Water samples were collected from surface water (30-40 cm depth) using autoclaved amber bottles pre-washed by water sample twice before filling. 185 samples (100%) appeared as positive results for bacterial growth. In this study, 28 (15.3%) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 21 (11.4%) isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia, 42 (22.7%) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 19 (10.3%) isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 12 (6.5%) isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes were isolated from effluents of hospitals. E. coli showed total resistance (100%) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin, and 20% resistance to nalidixic. Otherwise, E. coli showed 0%, 0%, 70%, 30%, and 60% resistance to imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, azithromycin, and cefepime, respectively. K. pneumoniae showed total resistance (100%) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin, and 30% resistance to nalidixic. Otherwise, K. pneumoniae showed 0%, 0%, 20%, 30%, and 30% resistance to imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, azithromycin, and cefepime, respectively. P. aeruginosa showed total resistance (100%) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin, and 30% resistance to nalidixic. Otherwise, P. aeruginosa showed 70%, 70%, 70%, 20%, and 70% resistance to imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, azithromycin, and cefepime, respectively. S. aureus showed total resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin. It also showed 20%, 0%, 20%, 40%, 10%, 80%, and 40% resistance to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, azithromycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. S. pneumoniae showed total resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin. It also showed 40%, 0%, 10%, 30%, 0%, 40%, and 20% resistance to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, azithromycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. S. pyogenes showed total resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin. It also showed 30%, 0%, 10%, 10%, 0%, 50%, and 50% resistance to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, azithromycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. PCR technique was applied to confirm the presence of the 16S rRNA gene. The existence of the gene was detected by the presence of a single band at a given molecular weight 232 bp, 1250 bp, 1500 bp, and 791 bp for 16S rRNA of marker that be used for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, respectively. The inhibition zone diameter after using silver nanoparticles reached 40.42, 31.73, 48.16, 43.87, 39.05, and 35.94 mm respectively for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes.