Critical discourse analysis on Nocturnes by Kazuo Ishiguro

Discourse, in essence, is both socially conditioned and socially constitutive; it shapes knowledge objects, circumstances, and the social identities and relationships of individuals and communities. Discourses are various interpretations of social life. The term discourse is frequently used in the English-speaking world for both written and spoken texts, and text and discourse are interchangeable; are intertwined terms. Whether it is written or spoken, it is possible to express a linguistic product as 'written text' and 'spoken text'. As Halliday and Hasan expressed, "The word TEXT is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified a whole" (2014: 1). Even though linguistic studies beyond the sentence are known as 'textlinguistics' and later 'discourse analysis,' these two subjects are inextricably linked, and texts/discourses are acknowledged as both spoken and written forms of the language. The emergence of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) occurred during the late 1980s as a programmatic advancement within the field of European discourse studies. Since its inception, discourse analysis has emerged as a highly influential and prominent field of study. The primary objective of CDA is to examine the intricate structural connections of dominance, discrimination, power, and control as they are expressed via language. Discourses exhibit a close connection to the allocation of social power and the hierarchical organization within a given culture, hence rendering them inherently ideological in all contexts. Althoug the term ideology has many semantic equivalents; all ideas have an ideological dimension. Ideology is obtained as a result of the reproduction of the current situation throughlanguage and discourse. Ideologies are ideas that resist change to which people are strongly connected. Although the existence of ideologies is as old as the time when people started to produce discourses, it gained great importance as a concept in the 1960s with the spread of Marxism. Especially after the Second World War, while the effects of the war continued, the need for emancipation led to a remarkable phase of 'ideology.' However, when the effects of wars began to diminish, so did the prevalence of this concept accordingly. But today, it is possible to see that the concept has started to gain ground again. An important ingredient of idealogy, 'power' is essential to impose an ideology on a community, group, or society since people who have power undoubtedly have the potential to impose their ideologies. Those who have this power can be politicians, group leaders, journalists, anyone in a family, or even a book writer who try to direct readers with discourses, striving to persuade interlocutors either openly or implicitly. That is the main point in discourse analysis. The purpose of CDA, which argues that a discourse contains an ideology in all circumstances, is to reveal the reflection of power relations, domination, values, and ideologies. The relationship between the language used, and the society to which the language belongs constitutes main lines of this type of analysis. This thesis seeks to reveal the author's ideology by making a CDA of five stories, Crooner, Come Rain or Come Shine, Malvern Hills, Nocturne, and Cellists by Kazuo Ishiguro, also a man of music, who has a wide readership of from among different folks. In the stories of Kazuo Ishiguro whose works are the focal point of this thesis and are somehow related to the music; the disappointments, longings, beliefs, hopes, loves, heartbreaks, acceptances, renunciations, and abandonment of the characters who try to oppose the capitalist order or have to submit, are handled.