A GIS based model for measurement and evaluation of urban sustainability

It is seen that the effects of the global climate change, which is the biggest problem of the world today, are getting more and more felt every day. The rapid growth of the world population, the diminution of resources and the emergence of the Earth's inability to self-reveal the necessity for people to change the way they live, produce, consume, and even adapt to habits. The rapid increase in the urban population rate also leads to the assumption that cities will become the number one resource for resolving problems by bringing them to a more key position in the future. Along with the sustainability concept becoming effective on every field, the concept of urban sustainability has become an important guide for urban areas. In recent years, important changes and new road maps have begun to come to the fore in this regard. Many international documents have been published and accepted in the fight against climate change and the sustainability of ecosystems in the world. There are new agenda documents published for urban areas as well as developed plans and approaches for energy production and productivity, agriculture policies, water policies, use and conservation of natural resources. In the second chapter, the concept of sustainability, measurement and evaluation methods are discussed after the first part of the thesis study, its scope and method is explained. First, the study of how the concept is developed, how it is addressed in the disciplines of planning and architecture, and what approaches are developed in this context, are examined in international and national documents and what directional policies and approaches are being developed. The development of sustainability approach in planning and architecture disciplines is revealed by approaches of Garden City movement, Neighborhood Unit, Zoning, New Urbanism in New Traditionalism, Transit Oriented Developments, Smart Growth, Eco City, Compact City and Sustainable Neighborhood Units. In the thesis, the policy and agreement documents published by the United Nations and European Union institutions are transmitted in chronological order. It is possible to summarize the general approaches of international documents in three periods. In the first period, the conceptual definition of sustainability and urban sustainability was tried to be made and in the following period, policies and actions about sustainability started to be defined. Recently, the need for the development and evaluation of measurement and evaluation systems for the monitoring and evaluation of these policies and actions has been put forward. Particularly in the New Urban Agenda published in the framework of Habitat III, the development of multi-pronged approaches to the implementation, development, management, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable urban development, the promotion of the use of digital platforms and tools including geographical spatial information systems, Policies such as support for capacity and capacity to support collection, mapping, analysis and dissemination and evidence-based governance, and a database based on both locally produced and globally comparable data are proposed. These policies constitute one of the reasons for the proposed urban sustainability assessment model in the thesis study. At the same time, the thesis was designed to introduce a model that takes into account the components of urban sustainability, uses geographical information systems (GIS) technology and measures and evaluates urban sustainability as a decision support tool. In the second part, secondly, sample systems for method development and urban sustainability measurement of indicator development under the heading of urban sustainability were examined at city and neighboring unit scale. There is also work done for a part or one or a few buildings where sustainability is measured for all of the cities, as measured by your sustainability. It is the most effective unit for providing the most attention and sustainability of urban areas from these working units. This area has many measurement and evaluation systems developed worldwide. LEED ND, BREEAM Communities, CASBEE UD, and Green Star Communities are examined in detail as current assessment systems developed for this scale, as the target develops a model of the neighbourhood unit scale. In terms of urban sustainability, the processes by which the components are addressed, the indicators by which these components are measured and how they are structured and monitored in terms of measurement and evaluation methods are evaluated. However, it is also seen that the subjects that are emphasized by each one are different and the issues specific to the place are overlooked. In the second part, the use of geographical information systems is discussed with the measurement of urban sustainability. The last issue addressed in this chapter is the components of urban sustainability. Criteria have been set under each component under the headings of sustainable natural environment, sustainable structured environment, sustainable transport, disaster tolerance, poverty adaptation, renewable energy and resources, sustainable economy and social sustainability and how these metrics are addressed in the context of urban sustainability. Following this conceptual review and evaluation of the existing systems, the third chapter presents a GIS-based model proposal for measuring and evaluating urban sustainability. The "Urban Sustainability Assessment Model" has been developed with the aim of establishing an easy-to-implement and integrated assessment and evaluation model that takes into account both local climatic characteristics and all components of urban sustainability. The Urban Sustainability Evaluation Model (KSDM) consists of seven components proposed within the thesis and each component is evaluated in a structure consisting of criteria, targets, indicators and sub-indicators. 6 indicators and 2 sub-indicators in the sustainable natural environment component, 9 indicators and 16 sub-indicators in the sustainable built environment component, 5 indicators and 5 sub-indicators in the sustainable transport component, 4 indicators in the disaster resistant component, pest compliance, renewable 10 indicators in the energy and resources component, 3 indicators and 10 sub indicators in the sustainable economy component, 3 indicators and 2 sub indicators in the social sustainability component. How to measure and evaluate all indicators within the scope of the thesis is determined and transferred. In addition, at the end of the third chapter, KSDM is compared with existing systems and the differences between them are explained. In the fourth chapter, after the introduction of the urban sustainability evaluation model, the model is applied within the neighborhood of Eskişehir city center and the evaluation results are transmitted. As a result of the general evaluation, it is seen that the area surveyed is successful at 60% in terms of urban sustainability. In the sustainable natural environment, sustainable structured environment and sustainable transport components, this rate is observed to be lower than that in the components of resilience to disaster, climate adaptation, renewable energy and resources, sustainable economy and social sustainability. As a result, a GIS-based assessment and evaluation model was proposed and tested with an application in order to measure urban sustainability in the neighbors unit, considered as the basic unit of the sustainable city. By providing an effective software infrastructure for measuring and evaluating urban sustainability, GIS facilitates the production of sustainable urban environments by determining what settlements are inadequate and where intervention is needed; It also forms a basis for the planning decisions of the planning authorities. Thus, the GIS-based urban sustainability evaluation model (KSDM) will enable concrete settlement of existing settlements based on quantitative measurements of areas requiring priority intervention.