A comparative study of Ottoman and French periods on the city of Constantine

Constantine is the one of the biggest cities of Algeria. It is located on the east side of the country and in 80 kilometer distance from the sea. The city had set up on a steep and sharp rock so that it was almost impossible to lay a siege. It has also a rich historical background. Between the 16-19 centuries the city was ruled by Ottomans and after that French took the control of the city between 1837 and 1962. Ottoman and French empires represent two different way of living in 19th century.The old town of the city and the converted (French built) urban fabric show the dual character of city.The differences between these two urban fabric show how two kinds of urban organization needed by Ottoman and French empires.The thesis study mainly handles the organization of city both in Ottoman and French periods during the 19th century.