Analysis of Ottoman sultans' attire in costume albums (1618-1809)

The purpose of this study is to examine the depictions of sultans in Ottoman costume albums created between 1618 and 1809, analyzing their outer garments and headgear in terms of type, formal characteristics, materials used, color, and style of use, and to conduct a chronological analysis. Documenting the chronological progression of changes in the clothing of sultans over a span of approximately 200 years within the Ottoman Empire (1618–1809) will provide significant contributions to the foundations of Turkish culture and the history of clothing. Furthermore, it will highlight how the sultans' attire evolved over this 200-year historical period as illustrated by contemporary artists. The study is limited to 11 costume albums created by various artists between 1618 and 1809, containing depictions of 18 sultans. This research employs a descriptive research model. The data collection method used in this study is the documentary review technique. Analyses are supported by graphic illustrations created using Adobe Illustrator based on the visuals, and the data are organized in tabular format. The table includes information such as the album's name, the institution where it is housed (museum, collection, library), inventory or folio number, date, artist, the depicted sultan and subject, and the position of the figure. Additionally, inner garments, undergarments, accessories, and ornaments are also specified. The population of this research consists of costume albums reflecting Ottoman clothing culture, prepared by both local and foreign artists. The sample comprises 18 illustrations selected from 11 costume albums drawn by local and foreign artists between 1618 and 1809. The sultan figures in the Ottoman costume albums used in this study were obtained from primary sources, including libraries, collections, and museums. This study presents findings on the types, forms, materials, and decorative features of the garments worn by sultans depicted in Ottoman costume albums, examined chronologically, thus contributing to the understanding of Ottoman clothing culture. By documenting the changes in sultans' attire during the Ottoman period, the research adds valuable insights to the literature on the history of clothing.