Chadwick F. Alger yorumlamasıyla Birleşmiş Milletler sistemi bağlamında barış misyonlarında hükümet-dışı örgütlerin etkililiği: Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti vaka çalışması

Chadwick F. Alger, inspired by Galtung's studies and centered on the United Nations (UN), has a broad perspective. In this respect, he considers the United Nations to be the greatest organisation for international peace. Drawing on the idea of the real-world laboratory (the UN laboratory), he argues that the UN system should play a leading role in international peace and is the key to global governance. With his broad perspective, Alger proposes reforms to strengthen the UN system. He argues that the UN needs instruments of peace addressing problems at the grassroots level for the UN to be successful in providing instruments of peace. In this sense, it is important for UN peacekeeping missions to be comprehensive. In the context of the real-world laboratory idea, the crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the UN's interventions are an important case study. The UN has conducted three major peacekeeping missions in the country. With MONUC, the UN has succeeded in implementing the principle of self-determination and in managing the inter-state intra-state transition process of the crisis. On the other hand, the object in this mission was only the prevention of violence by the secessionist group, therefore the mission had defused the situation. The rapid exit strategy left behind a fragile state. As a result, the DRC, which had been ruled by a dictatorship for many years, was affected by instability in the region and was drawn into a multidimensional crisis involving numerous armed actors including also non-state actors. MONUC therefore started up in 1999, but it was observed that the decisions taken in the 1990s to reform UN peacekeeping missions could not be implemented. In addition, allegations of staff involvement in incidents of sexual abuse also undermined the mission's credibility. However, with its reconfiguration into MONUSCO in 2010, the first intervention brigade was put in place and although it was found to act more sensitively than the reforms of the 1990s, its effects were not reflected on the ground. Nevertheless, compared with MONUC, MONUSCO is observed as acting more prudently. On the other hand, it is observed that UN peacekeeping missions alone are insufficient to ensure sustainable peace. In addition to the mission in the DRC, when other UN peacekeeping missions are analysed in our thesis, there is failure and inadequacy in the sense of sustainable global peace. In this context, non-governmental organisations come to the fore as important actors in ensuring sustainable global peace. In the study conducted within the framework of this thesis, we understand that without non-governmental actors, UN peacekeeping missions cannot achieve clear success and the global governance explained by Alger cannot be achieved. Non-governmental organisations are among the most fundamental actors of positive peace according to studies of Alger as they focus directly on the fundamental problems of society. It is seen that the scope of UN peace missions has improved owing to the peace actors operating on many issues ranging from human rights to gender inequality. In this regard, we have made two important points in our thesis: Firstly, non-governmental organisations play an important role in the drafting of UN resolutions on various issues of interest to them. Admittedly, these actors had a major role in the inscription of the phrase "We, the Peoples of the United Nations" in the UN Charter. The second issue is multidimensional. Although their achievements are evident on paper, the situation on the ground is somewhat different. First of all, full coordination is difficult to achieve due to ideology. Political and administrative factors are also a major limiting factor for non-governmental organisations. In addition, data on local non-governmental organisations is scarce and they are severely affected by these limiting factors. Furthermore, the growing number of non-governmental actors from the South is an important development on the road to global governance. This development can also play an important role in overcoming the South-North inequality. In this context, taking into account the theories of the world laboratory and of social construction of reality, we may consider the model proposed by Alger as a success.