Liberalizme içkin çelişkilerin araçsallaşması ve multilateralizmin yitimi: Credit Suisse örneği

Political and economic moderation from the end of the Second World War to the 1970s reinforced the basic liberal principles of the free movement of goods, services and capital, but the 1973 oil crisis proved that these principles were nothing more than idealistic assumptions. Even if the idealistic principles it put forward had concrete results, the approaches that emerged after the Oil Crisis showed that there are other expectations behind the assumptions of liberalism. The study will analyse how the liberal principles adopted by states which are affecting and being affected by the markets, in national and international relations under certain conditions are similar to the realist conception of power in terms of interests in international economic and political relations. From this point of view, it will be explained that the international economic institutions and regimes, whose number and influence increased after the Second World War, have political objectives as well as economic missions, and an attempt will be made to prove that they have become instruments consistent with efforts to strengthen the power of states. In the neoliberal period, during which the effects of the above-mentioned institutions began to be felt intensely, it will be explained, in relation to international institutions and rules, that policies to reduce the size of states in terms of domestic policy have repercussions on their external relations. Adam Smith's classical liberal assertion that economic activity is self-regulated by an invisible hand, independent of the policies of political actors, was at odds with the mercantilist thinking of his day. In this study, it will be argued that liberal economic relations are not independent of political objectives, and Polanyi's reflections on the idea of a disembedded market economy and its implications for international economic relations will be discussed. The emergence of international regimes in the twentieth century, their place in international relations, their operating mechanisms and their transformations will be analysed. By addressing the theories of hegemony and regime, it will be explained how nations engage with, influence and are influenced by the international institutions and rules of which they are members. With the 2008 crisis, the financial crises that emerged in the United States of America are having a global impact, with a domino effect. In this context, the effects of international financial crises on the internal and external policies of states will be indicated and the national and international background behind the Credit Suisse affair that emerged in the Swiss Federation in 2023 will be explained. The effects and causes of this crisis will be discussed within the framework of liberal principles, neoliberal policies and the hegemonic order approaches. Keywords :Liberalism, hegemonic order, hegemons, international regimes and institutions, globalization, systemic dependency, multilateralism, liberal institutionalism.