investigation of the effects of Nd and Bi substitution for La ion in LaCaNaMnO3 manganite on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties

In this study, the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of materials synthesized by doping Nd and Bi at different concentrations into the La site of LaCaNaMnO₃ manganite were investigated. The materials were synthesized using the sol-gel method, and their structural, morphological, and magnetic properties were thoroughly characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to determine the crystal structure of the obtained samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used for morphological and elemental analyses. Magnetic measurements were conducted to evaluate the magnetocaloric properties of the materials, and the temperature-dependent magnetic entropy changes were calculated from isothermal magnetization measurements. The results indicate that Nd and Bi doping has a positive impact on the magnetocaloric performance of LaCaNaMnO₃ manganite, demonstrating its potential for magnetocaloric applications.