Port competition and hinterland connections: The role of railways

This study aims to examine the decisive role of hinterland connectivity in port competitiveness, with a particular focus on the impact of railway infrastructure. Modern seaports are no longer limited to coastal operations; instead, they function as strategic hubs within global logistics networks, supported by multilayered land transport systems. Among these, rail transport stands out due to its advantages in sustainability and cost efficiency, directly influencing a port's accessibility to its hinterland. Adopting a qualitative research approach, this study presents a case analysis of the Port of Antalya, which currently lacks a direct railway connection. This infrastructural deficiency has been identified as a critical factor limiting the port's operational capacity and diminishing its regional competitiveness. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 key stakeholders, including port executives, public authorities, academics, exporters, and logistics companies. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to reveal patterns regarding the operational and strategic challenges faced due to limited hinterland access. The findings emphasize the importance of railway integration in strengthening port-hinterland relations. The study suggests that the development of integrated rail infrastructure is essential for shaping a more coherent and competitive port policy. It concludes that railway-supported hinterland strategies can enhance regional development goals and contribute to a more balanced national logistics framework. Key Words: Port Competitiveness, Hinterland Connectivity, Railway, Logistics, Port of Antalya, Thematic Analysis