The application of ideolojogy to society in the context of the Marksist tradition (Enver Hoxha example)

In this thesis, the ideology of Enver Hoxha, who presided over the Socialist Republic of Albania between 1944-1985, is the subject. While Hoxha, a Marxist-Leninist, maintained this regime, which was foreign to Albania, for about 41 years, he first came into close contact with the Soviet leader Stalin at that time and Mao, who was making a revolution in China, and then from 1976 to 1985, arguing that the communists had deviated from Lenin. up to complete isolation. This is the period when Hoxha interpreted Marxism. Hoxhaism takes its full form in this period. In the thesis, Hoxha's ideology will be discussed in the context of Marxists' explanations on ideology. Those who come after Marx interpret Marx's ideas in quite different ways. Among them are Lenin and Stalin, known as the Eastern interpretation. Leaving aside the negative meaning that Marx attributed to ideology, they claim that Marxism itself is the scientific ideology of the working class. This thought brings with it a transformation in the revolution itself. Because when Marxism is accepted as a scientific ideology, the state, which Marx sees as temporary, turns into a tool of application of Marxism. With this separation, Lenin and especially Stalin maintain a despotic-theocratic state administration. Likewise, Mao combines Leninism with Chinese thought, reinterprets it and makes the Cultural Revolution. In this context, in the thesis, Hoxha's ideology will be handled through the aforementioned distinction between Marx and Marxists, and it will be underlined that Hoxha is a strict follower of the Eastern interpretation instead of Marx's interpretation of ideology. Moreover, it will be shown that the main components of Hoxhaism emerge in the "new Albanian citizen model" and opposition to religion. By giving place to the principles and social practices of Hoxhaism, it will be argued that Hoxhaism is an ideology that has fallen far away from Marx, and that the negative conditions of the country that came out of the war were influential behind the implementation of this ideology. We hope that this study will contribute to the Turkish academic literature.