Payza and its usage areas in the Mongolians

Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongols achieved a powerful military organization and established political and administrative systems. As part of their expansionist policies, they emphasized communication practices. Initially relying on merchants, envoys, and spies for communication, the Mongols gradually developed their communication network based on their accumulated experience, gaining considerable expertise in this field. Notably, they enhanced communication efficiency through an intelligence network called the "Yam," which had historical roots on the Steppe and was actively utilized by the Mongols. They implemented this system in every region they conquered, ensuring its dominance. This system was not only crucial for communication but also for the exchange of information. Envoys, in particular, were entrusted with the vital task of transmitting important state-related news and information. To secure their travels and provide written identification, envoys were issued a "Paiza" badge, which enabled them to travel safely. The paizas served not only for communication purposes but also for the swift execution of official matters and even in emergencies. These official badges were crafted in various shapes and sizes, tailored to the status of the individual, and were predominantly made of precious metals like gold and silver. During emergencies, paizas made of copper were distributed to patrolling guards to ensure security. This study focuses on the term paiza as a travel permit, its purposes, and areas of use. Primary sources from the period, as well as research works and articles, have been utilized to examine the etymology of the term, the individuals who were granted paizas and their statuses, the privileges enjoyed by those who used paizas, and their usage during the reign of Genghis Khan and his sons.