Kalam debates in the Muqaddimāt al-Arba'a hashia's (In the context of Alaeddin Arabi)

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the kalâmî discussions in the Muqaddimāt al-Arba'a Hashia's, which were written by order of Sultan Fatih Mehmed. These texts address the origin of moral judgments and the question of freedom and destiny in actions linked to the problem of good and evil. Discussing these two fundamental issues, has made it necessary to thoroughly investigate perhaps all the subheadings which concern the entire paradigm that falss under the framework of the understanding of God, nature and hummanity. Among the authors of the surviving commentaries (hawâshin, sing. hâshiya) produced under the auspices of political decree are Alâeddin al-Arabî, who adots a rational Sufi approach, Kestelî who represents the Maturidi system, and Haci Hasanzâda, who emphasizes sensitivities specific to the schools. In addition, there is Hatibzâda, who advocates a critical Ashari perspective, Samsûnî who prioritizes a Maturidi appproach to moral value, but Ashari parameters in dealing with the relationship between God and human beings, and an Anonymous risale whose author has not been identified. These distinguished scholars took an active role in contemporaneous discussions centered on philosophy, kalâm, sufism and fiqh and came to an opinion with their contemporaries about the issues raised. The basic method of thesis is comparative with the aim of reaching new syntheses by the analysis of texts, concepts and ideas. Kalâm contitutes the main backbone of Islamic thought and a number of topics are found under the subjects that are investigated as part of it, such as theology, prophethood, and eschatology. In the case of theological and philosophical issues, the approaches of certain schools and representatives will be clarified in relation to these commentaries. The first detailed commentary on Muqaddimāt al-Arba'a, was written by Alâeddin al-Arabî and stands out as the product of mutual interaction. The footnates given in the manuscript copies of this work are of a quantity that deserve to be treated as a separate work. For example, there are criticisms made about the comments of Kestelî and Hatibzâda. For this reason, it is important to focus on the critical edition and contextual analysis of the text of Alâeddin al-Arabî and to determine connections to the other commentaries so as to lay the groundwork for future research. Keywords: Alâeddin al-Arabî, Muqaddimāt al-Arba'a Hashia's, Qalâm, Goodness-Badness, Human Action's.