Encapsulation and characterization of Pistacia terebinthus L. leaf extract with nanoliposome

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of nanoliposomal formulation on antibacterial activity after encapsulated ethanol extract from Pistacia terebinthus plant into the synthesized nanoliposome structures. P. terebinthus grown in Turkey's many parts, is a perennial plant and isolated from various regions due to various chemical compounds (terpenoids, phenolic compounds, such as fatty acids and stereol on) antioxidants and inflammatory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. Liposomes, are drug delivery systems that increase the biodistribution of agents used for applications in various fields, thereby facilitating the more stable transport and thus uptake at the cell or tissue level for higher organisms. Structurally, they are phospholipid vesicles consisting of one or more concentric lipid bilayers containing lipophilic and hydrophilic domains. Thus, liposomal systems have the able to capture and retain various lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs or compounds. Liposomes for encapsulation systems are preferred because they are flexible, fully biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic and non-immunogenic. Nanoliposome dispersion was produced in two stages in this study. The microemulsion technique containing direct end (probe) sonication, known as primary homogenization, enabled the formation of liposomes in different structures. Microfluidization (15000 psi) technique, which is one of the high-pressure homogenization methods, also known as secondary homogenization, has also produced more stable nanoliposomes (SUV) of liposome dispersions. The formed liposome dispersion was then lyophilized and stored for encapsulation and other physical stability experiments. Physical characterization experiments on empty liposomes; particle size and charge of liposomes (zeta (ζ) potential) were measured with malvern zeta potential and dynamic light scattering device. To achieve the highest encapsulation efficiency, the encapsulation was performed by combining the aqueous solution and the liposome dispersion (0,9:0,5 w/w). Disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration tests were performed for the antimicrobial activity of the encapsulated extracts. Terebinth leaf extract (MYE) grouped for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively, liposome encapsulated terebinth leaf extract (NLMYE), ofloxacin as positive control and autoclaved pure water as negative control, obtained at 18, 24 and 48 hours. In addition, using the minimum inhibitory concentration technique, the minimum value NLMYE showing inhibitory effect in the range of 90-100% after 24 hours incubation against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria having an initial amount of 5.105 cfu was 0,0838 mg for S. aureus, was recorded as 0,114 mg for E. coli. The results of this study determined that antibacterial activity of P. terebinthus, which was encapsulated with nanoliposomes on E. coli as gram negative bacteria and S. aureus as gram positive bacteria, in laboratory conditions.