Organic agriculture and ecological innovation: Global Malmquist Luenberger Index approach

Organic farming has begun to be utilised not only as a sector but also as a significant method for meeting global food needs by integrating with technology. The content of the study initially explains the importance of bringing technology into the scientific world through innovation, followed by the significance of developing agriculture with environmentally protective methods. The aim of the study is to demonstrate, through applied analysis methods, that organic farming advances with ecological innovation will result in, increased efficiency and a tangible reduction in ammonia emissions. The study's contribution to the literature lies in showing how the combination of ecological innovation with agriculture's transformation into organic farming and the analysis of inputs that create a reduction in ammonia emission rates and consumption patterns. The study investigates the economic and social impact of ecological innovations applied to organic farming, revealing a positive trend. The study also includes an analysis of ammonia emission rates in some European Union member countries and proposes organic farming and ecological innovations as a solution for reducing these rates. Data for 25 selected countries from 2013 to 2020 were collected according to predetermined variables and analysed using the Global Malmquist Luenberger Total Factor Productivity Index. As a result of the research, it is observed that organic farming, driven by innovation, makes a positive contribution to economic growth in the countries where it is implemented and also promotes the establishment of food security. The study concludes that by focusing on issues such as food security, environmental protection and human health, organic farming is considered necessary for a sustainable cycle and is recognised as an important goal and method in the agricultural sector.