Relationship of forest villages and forest industry: Measurement of regional economic performance years between 2007 to 2013

Nowadays, with rapid population growth, unplanned urbanization and industrialization are caused destruction of natural areas and damage to the rural economy. With the spread of sustainability at global level, green economies have gained importance. Thanks to green economies, forests and forest industries are at the forefront in sustainable development. Forests are natural resource which have structures directly interacting with the rural also providing input to many sectors in terms of economic. Location decisions of forest industry, their agglomeration and the relations between each other provide information regarding to economic regional growth of the industry. In this study focused on: o How have regional employment changes affected the region in selected sectors at the reference years? o How did the national employment change affect the employment change in the region? o Is there a relation between the selected sectors and the forest village with economic way? In this study, it is aimed to reveal the relation between forest villagers and forest industries. The human capital in the rural has to be developed in order to improve the forest village. For this reason, the variables were evaluated for both sectors and forest village in between 2007 to 2013. According to the regional economic performance measurements, the location selection of forest industry and its relationship with forest villagers were evaluated. The study consists of six sections. In the first part, the reasons why the study was chosen, its purpose, its scope and its methodology are given. The study has been handled with cause-effect relationships in the historical process. In the second chapter, it was aimed to get an idea about the legal, institutional and political structure of forests by explaining the situation about forests. Besides, spatial and demographic data related to forestry is given. How many targets of development plan about forestry policies have been applied since 1963? Unfortunately, the case of the study shows that the targeted policies was behind the target in practice, although there is strong relationship between forest products and many industries. One of the target of study is, if the manufacturing industrial perspective changed, the bad condition of the forest affect with the positive way. Forest's condition is about not only quality of the forest area but also its quantity. For these reason, forestry situation was handled not just the forest land but also the productivity, distribution of growing stock and annual increment. In the third chapter, forest villages and villagers are mentioned because of the rural development understanding in the forest. Focused on the relationship between forest and forest villagers, migration, incentives about forest villagers and cooperatives. Between the reference years, number of Turkey forest villages and village population increased but the forest village population in the total population decreased. This situation reveals the problem of migration include the rural. Young people at working age have to migrate from forest villages because of the economic condition. Policies have been developed for the development of forest villages, such as loans to support various individual credits and cooperatives. However, these policies are not enough for the development of forest villages. In the fourth chapter, while referring the studies on forest and economic relations, the importance of the forest industry has been mentioned about relation on the other industrial branches. Foreign trade of selected forest industries is described in this section. The forestry and the forest industries are the oldest branches of the economic activity for this reason, they spread all over the country by the time. The forestry sector has a potential for a sector that supports sustainable development and provides ecological balance of ecosystems. Today, the sector provides income to the forest villagers, the poorest part of Turkey, and stands out as a tool for the development of forest villages. It is important to investigate agglomeration, cluster and connections in the supply chain of the forest industry as can be seen from studies. With the advancement of technology, selected sectors are separated. It is understood that sectors choose places according to different production factors. In the fifth chapter, selected regional analysis have been mentioned. Moreover, the findings of the applied method and the spatial, demographic data were compared. Within the framework of the method applied, in which regions the selected sectors are agglomerated that have been interpreted taking into consideration the criteria of industrial site selection. Location quotient and shift-share analyses from the regional analysis tools were selected to measure the sectoral concentration due to the location decision of the industry. Location quotient and shift-share analyses results, give ideas that whether it is a sector that grows with the change in the amount of employment. Employment data for the forestry and forest products industries were used in SGK statistical year in 2007 and 2013. Forests are a renewable natural resources (which take a long time). The sustainability of forests is significant for forest industry dependent on raw materials. The location of the forest industry relationship with rural areas in the context of sustainable development is crucial. "Forestry, Logging and Related Services", "Wood and Products of Wood and Cork, Except Furniture", "Paper and Paper Products", "Furniture" activity groups have been selected for use in studying groups. The regional economic performance measure is calculated taking into account the employment changes in the four selected sectors. According to shift-share analysis results, selected sectors show a distribution at the first and fourth regions according to shift-share analysis results. It is observed that almost all of Turkey has chosen the place of forestry, logging and related services. For this reason, it can be said that forestry, logging and related services, which is coded A, is place to choose near to the raw material. According to shift-share analysis of forestry, logging and related services results, Antalya has the highest negative total employment change, while Mersin has the highest positive total employment change in the sector. It is seen that the concentration of wood and products of wood and cork industry is similar forest density map. It is understood that the wood and products of wood and cork industry is located provinces where have high forest density. Considering the examples of Kastamonu, Düzce and Bolu, it can be said that the employment in the wood and products of wood and cork sector is not directly related to the forest village population. According to shift-share analysis of wood and products of wood and cork sector results, Bursa has the highest negative total employment change while İstanbul has the highest positive total employment change in the sector. It is observed that the paper and paper products industry in Turkey has a place in sectional. This implies that the forest areas and the paper and paper products industry developed independently of each other. This means that a different factor is influencing the selection of the location. Therefore, it cannot be said that paper and paper products are related to forest village and forest village population. According to shift-share analysis of paper and paper products industry results, İzmir has the highest negative total employment change while İstanbul has the highest positive total employment change in the sector. The furniture manufacturing industry shows that the location of raw materials is inversely proportional to the map of forest density. Factors affecting the location selection of the industry can be considered as factors such as entrepreneurship and proximity to transportation networks. According to shift-share analysis of furniture manufacturing industry results, İstanbul has the highest negative total employment change while Bursa has the highest positive total employment change in the sector. It is understood that the location of the forestry and forest industry are mostly located in West Black Sea, South of Marmara Region and a small part of Central Anatolia Region. Kayseri and Kastamonu have the highest location quotient in the industry regarding selected forest products because of two different reasons. According to shift-share analysis of forest industry results, İzmir has the highest negative total employment change while İstanbul has the highest positive total employment change in the forest sectors. The reason why Istanbul has the highest positive total employment change, the third of the selected sectors is the manufacturing sector. Two different analyses of 2007 and 2013 for the selected four sectors were revealed. The reason for the selection of the year 2013 from the reference years is a new legislation affecting rural areas from this year. Law No. 6360 are created a breaking point for rural areas. In the study, all sectors were evaluated individually and all selected forest industries because these sectors take part of the all structure, and effect each other. The status of NUTS 3's forest industry is compared. Findings revealed by two different analysis methods are related to the location selection factors. According to NUTS 3 region's common characteristics were collected in seven groups. NUTS 3 regions collected in seven groups were evaluated on the group characteristics according to sectors. Group characteristics were perused with incentive areas and forest density of NUTS 3. Taking into account the many benefits other than the economic benefits of forests, forest villagers should play an active role regarding to forest activities. Forestry industries are influenced by factors such as raw materials and transportation. Market and entrepreneurial factors are at the forefront when the process of accessing final goods from the industrial sectors is prolonged. These factors are influenced by railway transportation and port factor. In addition, it is thought that incentives play a role in the development of these sectors especially in the 5th and 6th incentive zones, although the raw material presence is low. It is of particular importance that incentives are increased, especially in the "Wood and Products of Wood and Cork, Except Furniture" and "Paper and Paper Products". As a result, in the last chapter, which is the sixth chapter where assessments for the NUTS 3 regions. Policies and suggestions have been made for the sectors. Forest rehabilitation activities, especially forestation, erosion control and energy forest, should be carried out regularly and on a plan and project basis. It is necessary to intensify the work of rehabilitation in areas where there is degraded forest area. Rural development should be ensured with those living in the forest village using human capital in order to improve the economic situation of the forest village. Economic investments in the forest sector have to be initiatives that protect natural capital on the basis of thresholds. Forestry and logging and wood and wood products which are directly related to forest villagers, should be strengthened with regions that source of raw materials. Railway and port-connected furniture and paper and paper products industry should be strengthened in terms of transport links with high forest density. Industrial afforestation should make in 5th and 6th incentive zones which have low forest density. The knowledge should share in cooperation with forest villagers in order to development of production. Integration of port and railway should provide each other. Among neighboring cities should ensure production and supply chain in interaction. Product range should development with R&D support of sectors by providing cooperation with the university and forest industry. The forest industry should improve within institutional collaborations. Regulation studies for the implementation of Law No. 6360 are still in progress. It is necessary to repeat the regional economic performance measurement a wider period of time in order to understand how legal regulations affect forest villages and forest industries. Besides, it is important to investigate their agglomeration, clustering and connections in the supply chain of the forest industry.