Four different types of policy in Uzbekistan and Uzbekistan's modernization process: Russification, divided into 4 periods. Those periods are named as follows: Tsarist Russia administration, Soviet era, construction of Uzbek ethnicity and re-Islamization

In this doctoral dissertation, the modernization process which Central Asian region and Uzbekistan experienced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries will be discussed under the title of Uzbek Modernization. Tsarist Russia was the agent of Modernization and carried out Western style Modernization version to Central Asia. While Central Asia's indigenous population's response to Modernization occurred as a Jadidism (Usul-u Cedit) movement, which is one of the main components of that Modernization effort, will also be included and examined under the title. The unique Central Asian-Uzbek Modernization experience divided into 4 periods. Those periods are named as follows: Tsarist Russia Administration, Soviet Era, Construction of Uzbek ethnicity and Re-Islamization. But in order to explain the periods, dual concepts like Sovietness-Uzbekness, Uzbekness-Islamizaiton created and used together. Because those social and cultural evaluations can be found together in the same period. Western style Modernization perception was brought to Central Asia by Tsarist Russia to strengthen its presence in that region, and it was accepted as a necessity for the permanent rule in Central Asia. But because of that mandatory regulations opposition to Modernization process starts quickly. Inconvenience from the Modernization led disadvantaged ones look for a possible solution. In search for the possible options there has raised questions about how to recover the lost superiority in the Central Asian region. As in other parts of the world, the effects and reflections of the Modernization process have been experienced in Central Asia and Uzbekistan. The best solution to that unwanted situation, which failed to combat this new political and cultural structure that formed a new world order and reshaped the international space according to its own understanding, was the adoption of the ideas, discourses and methods of Modernization. This process worked similarly also in Central Asia, and a Modernization movement emerged among the Muslims of Russia in order to counter the threat from the Western Civilization and Tsarist Russia, regarded itself as the representative of Modernism in Asia. That unique Muslim modernization movement was called Jadidism. Although there has been a reaction to Jadits-Progressives. The Conservative ones-Kadimciler, argued that in order to avoid the possible damages of the Modernization a protectionist and conservative attitudes must be developed. Central Asian community must be sealed itself from the Modern world and lay in a perfect isolation. Within that context Conservative group advocated a rejection of all the notions of Modernization as a response to Jadids, as well as Tsarist Russia and Soviet Union, respectively. However, the did not maintain this attitude constantly, and they choose to took pragmatic attitude while gathering the benefits of the system, which they opposed. While İsmail Gaspıralı and the first generation of Jadits argued that one day the tsarist Russia would complete its life cycle and fall, so that Muslim Population of Tsarist Russia should be prepared to that situation through educational activities. But the following generations of Jadits began to move away from this aim and choose to have a post in Tsarist Administration bureaucracy. This situation will become more common after the October Revolution of 1917, and Jadits demands of self-determination and autonomy will be abandoned. However, this generation will be liquidated by the Soviet administration in the following years because they were not considered sufficiently loyal enough. That liquidation or Purges interrupted because of the II. World War II in Europe. That Purges forced the Soviet Union to change its plans for Central Asia. In order to protect itself from the attack of Nazi Germany and overcome uneasy situations in the battlefields the Soviet Union wasted its pro-Soviet cadres on the battlefield. The vacant positions form that enlisted cadres were filled with uneducated young people from rural areas in Central Asia and Uzbekistan in order to continue to governmental activities. That's the turning point for the radical thought that were retreat to the countryside and forced to go underground in order to survive. Thus, those radical thoughts which would later become the basis of radical movements, could sweep into state bureaucracy. The intransigent radical thoughts first express their presence during the Brezhnev era, because of the loosening state control and after the independence 1991, they did express their presence in daily life and in political stage more fearlessly and aggressively. However, the remaining Soviet-era ruling elite, that experienced Soviet style state bureaucracy and managed to stay in power in the post-independence period, panicked with the opposition actions. As a result, the Uzbek State administration first tried to suppress the opposition normally, and then crushed them bitterly. This harsh and intolerant attitude of the Uzbek State forced and marginalized the opposing parties. Because of the marginalization some of the strict elements of the opposition, those elements became radicalized. Those radicalized elements adopted a Post Modern attitude towards the authoritarian political system, which they regard it as the product and reflection of Modernism. With the effect of the political-psychological violence, Uzbek opposition groups and its radical elements have missed the point that they're also components and results of the Modernization process in Uzbekistan. As a result, although they appear to be very different from each other, Jadits and Conservatives and the radicals of the post-independence period are all the result of the Modernization process in the region. In this dissertation, it is emphasized that those actors on different sides of the political equilibrium generate a process that feeds and produces, changes and transforms each other and that they are the products of the Modernization epoch.