Evaluation of parliamentary and presidential systems in terms of accountability, The case of Turkey

‘Presidential’, “Parliamentary” and “Semi-Presidential Systems of Government”, which are the most widely applied in today's democracies, are shaped according to the executive branch's taking office, its structure and its relations with the legislative and judicial bodies. The Presidential Government System, which was first established in the United States of America, and the Parliamentary Government System, which was established in the United Kingdom, have brought different forms due to the historical development of the states, political structures and social reasons. This study deals with the implementation of these systems in Turkey. Therefore, examining these differences and comparing them in a comparative manner is useful for a better understanding. Each government system is shaped according to the historical, social and economic characteristics of the countries in which it is implemented. However, accountability ensures that the governmental systems are long-lasting and permanent and that the relationship between the electors and the elected is shaped. In this sense, accountability mechanisms established by government systems are important. Turkey has implemented both a parliamentary system of government and a presidential system of government (which is still being implemented). In this respect, Turkish government systems have been analysed comparatively in terms of accountability mechanisms. Different accountability mechanisms affect the functioning of government systems and the organisation of other powers associated with them. In the study, firstly, the historical development and basic characteristics of the parliamentary system of government based on the soft separation of powers and the presidential system of government based on the hard separation of powers are discussed. Then, in the third part of the study, the examples of parliamentary, presidential and presidential government systems in Turkey, which have been implemented in Turkey and changed with their historical developments, are discussed and compared in terms of accountability.