The role of M1-M2 macrophages in inflammation in periodontal and peri-implant tissues

Aim: The primary etiological agent in periodontal disease is pathogenic bacteria. However, local and systemic factors and host defense cells also play a role in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease. Macrophage, one of the most important immune system cells, plays an important role in the host's defense against periodontal infection. In this study, it was aimed to determine the levels of M1 / M2 macrophages specific biomarkers by ELISA method in gingival fluid and peri-implant groove fluid samples obtained from individuals with periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Method: Patients who did not have any systemic disorder, who did not have pregnancy status and suspicion, who did not smoke and who agreed to participate in the study were included in this study. The participants consisted of 3 groups: healthy, diagnosed with periodontitis and diagnosed with peri-implantitis. From the three groups included in the study, there were a total of 15 individuals, including 10 females and 5 males, in the healthy group (control group). There are 4 females, 11 males and 15 individuals in the periodontitis group (study group). There are a total of 15 individuals in the peri-implantitis group (study group), 8 women and 7 men. The levels of macrophage biomarkers CCR7, CD163, CD206, CD86, CX3CR1 and CCL8 in gingival groove fluid (DOS) and peri-implant groove fluid (PIOS) samples taken from 45 patients in total were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Findings: Although there was no statistically significant difference in gender between the groups, there was a statistically significant difference in age. When buccal and palatinal / lingual clinical attachment level (CAS), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were evaluated; The healthy group was significantly lower than the Stage 3-Grade B periodontitis and peri-implantitis group. When the CD86, CX3CR1 and CCL8 levels were evaluated, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. CCR7 and CD163 levels; It was found to be significantly lower in the healthy group compared to the peri-implantitis group. CD206 levels; It was found to be significantly lower in the healthy group and Stage 3-Grade B periodontitis group compared to the peri-implantitis group. There was no statistically significant difference between the healthy group and the Stage 3-Grade B periodontitis group. Conclusions: In this study, it was found that both M1 and M2 macrophage phenotype markers were increased in peri-implantitis tissues.