Evaluation of the relationship of periodontitis pathogenesis with macrophage phenotypes (M1-M2)

Objective: The aim of this thesis study was to determine the biomarkers showing macrophage polorization in gingival tissue samples of periodontitis patients at the same stage but at different grades and healthy individuals. Method: This study was consisted of 45 participants and three study groups as; Group 1: PER-C: 15 patients with Stage 3 Grade C periodontitis, Group 2: PER-B: 15 patients with Stage 3 Grade B periodontitis, Group 3: Group S: 15 healthy individuals. During the non-surgical periodontal treatments of the patients, 2x2mm gingiva samples were collected from areas that were indicated for gingivectomy or were preprotetically needing a crown lengthening operation. Samples were collected from the affected areas in each patient. Two samples from each participant were taken from the affected areas, and 30 samples from 15 patients in total were collected for each study group. The samples were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry methods. Interleukin (IL)-12,23,10 and Arginine (Arg) -1 biomarkers were analyzed by PCR, and CCR-7, CD 206, CD 163 biomarkers in immunohistochemistry analyzes. Results: There is no statistically significant difference in age and gender among the groups. When Plaque Index (Pİ), Gingival Index (Gİ), buccal pocket depth and attachment level were evaluated, significantly higher values were found in Group PER -B and Group PER-C compared to Group S (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between Group PER-C and Group PER-B (p>0.05). When the CD206 and CD163 biomarkers among the groups were evaluated, no significant difference was found (p>0.05). CCR7 level was found to be significantly higher in Group PER-B and Group PER-C compared to group S (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between Group PER-B and Group PER-C (p> 0.05). When the PCR data were evaluated, a statistically significant difference was found among the groups (p <0.05). IL-12,-23,-10 and Arg-1 were found significantly higher in Group PER-C compared to other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that both M1 and M2 phenotypes of macrophages increased in periodontitis, but the phenotypic change was highly towards to the M1 macrophages. This may reflect an increase in both macrophage phenotypes in tissues with inflammation, but a higher increase in M1 macrophage cells.