Pm karakterizayonu için entegre yaklaşım: ICP-MSMS ve pixe arasındaki karşılaştırmalı analizler, kaynak yeri, kaynak paylaşımı ve olasılıksal sağlık riski değerlendirmesi

Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MSMS) were used to characterize PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 from rural and urban backgrounds. This was followed by a site-specific comparative analysis between PIXE and ICP-MSMS based on their resolving potentials for PM metal constituents. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were together used to apportion and profile PM metal sources measured by PIXE. HYSPLIT model, dust model, mineral dust tracers as well as satellite images were used as a combined methodology to locate the potential origin of PM sources intercepted at the receptor locations of this study. Finally, using Monte Carlo's probabilistic approach health risk assessment of exposure to fine PM (PM2.5) was conducted.21 resolved elements including Na, Mg, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo and Pb by the two methods shows: Percent below detection limit (%BDL) for PIXE, varied between 0% (for Zn) and 83% (for Mo) with important markers such as Ca, S, K, Cl and Na being 4%, 8%, 11%, 12% and 21% respectively. For ICP-MS, %BDL varied between 0% (for Mg) and 98% (for Se) while important markers such as Na, Al, Ca, Cr, V and S were between 0% and 1% below detection. Both regression analysis and absolute relative difference showed a very good positive relationship between the two methods especially for crustal species. Back trajectories of the air masses traced pollutants intercepted at the receptors to countries including Bulgaria, Greece, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Daily exposure doses via ingestion was found to be the highest followed by inhalation and lastly dermal absorption. Ingestion contributed 85% of the dose in the adult age group and 94%, in the child age group. Estimated risk i.e. incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for all the metals were below the cancer threshold value of 10-6. Based on sensitivity analysis, the least and highest impacting parameters on cancer risk in both children and adult age groups were averaging time (AT) and exposure duration (ED), respectively. Keywords: Air Particulate Matter, Particle Induced X-ray Emission, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, Positive Matrix Factorization, Health Risk Assessment.