Preparation of standardized extracts from flowers and fruits of Sambucus nigra L. (black elderberry) and investigation of biological effects

In this study, working with the Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Aegean Agricultural Research Institute samples of the Sambucus nigra L. plant, which grows naturally in Türkiye, taken from 121 different regions were evaluated in terms of total anthocyanin content. In line with these results, a native and anthocyanin-rich S. nigra cultivar will be developed. Within the scope of the dissertation, flowers, fruits and leaves of S. nigra plants cultivated at Balıkesir Metropolitan Municipality Farmer Training Center (BAÇEM) were collected. Fruit 96% ethanol extract, flower 70% ethanol extract, leaf 70% ethanol extract were prepared from these plant materials, and the cytotoxicity of these extracts on A549, MCF-7 and U-118 MG cell lines was studied, and it was determined that the extracts did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity in these cell lines. A method was developed to quantitatively determine the rutin and isoquercitrin flavonoids in black elderberry extracts on an HPLC device equipped with a PDA detector. The developed method has been validated according to USP criteria in terms of accuracy, precision, selectivity, detection limit, detection limit, linearity, application range and robustness. Standardized 50% ethanol extracts and 100% water extracts were obtained from S. nigra flowers, fruits and leaves collected from BAÇEM, and the specifications of each were created. In terms of chemical content, the specifications include the amount of phenolic substance, the amount of flavonoid substance, the amount of rutin and isoquercitrin. Each of the resulting standardized extracts was tested by inclusion in the diets of groups of male Wistar albino rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Changes in HDL, LDL, triglyceride, adiponectin, leptin, T3, T4, TNF-α, IL-1β, blood glucose level, serum insulin level, lipase enzyme inhibition and serum lipase level, which are effective parameters in obesity, were monitored for 7 weeks. It was determined that the extracts tested in vivo did not cause significant changes in obesity parameters. In addition, a formulation in the form of drops containing black elderberry and echinacea extracts, vitamin C and zinc has been prepared to strengthen immunity and be used against common cold. The stability of the L-ascorbic acid, total phenolic substance, total flavonoid substance and total anthocyanin substance amounts of the formulation was monitored in 3 different environments for 3 months from the beginning.