Study of copeptin and spexin as a biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus in Iraqi females

This study was conducted to investigate copeptin and spexin as biological indicators against metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Iraqi women. The results showed that the two patient groups (patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus) recorded the mean age of women at 40.93 and 40.40 years while the control group recorded 40.10 years. The results also showed that the age range of the women in this study ranged between 30-50 years. From the table above it is clear that the ages of women of the groups studied showed no significant differences.The results showed that there are no significant differences between the average values of the women's weights for the three groups tested. The group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded 85.73 kg and the group of women with diabetes mellitus recorded 86.03 kg, while the group of healthy women recorded 85.30 kg. The results indicated that there is no significant difference between the average values of the heights of women for the different groups. The group of healthy women recorded 1.61 m, while the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded 1.61 m, and the group of women with diabetes mellitus recorded 1.60 m, respectively.The results confirmed that there are no significant differences between the average BMI values for women in the three tested groups. The group of women with diabetes mellitus recorded 26.84 kg/m2 and the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded 26.49 kg/cm2 compared to 26.50 kg/m2 for the group of healthy women. The results showed that the average blood pressure values for women (high blood pressure and low blood pressure) for the three groups achieved significant differences. The group of women with diabetes mellitus achieved significant differences, recording 141.66 and 81.23 mm Hg, while the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded 138.53 and 86.36 mm Hg compared to 120.40 and 77.16 mm Hg for the group of healthy women, respectively. It can be seen that the three groups tested differed in FBS values. The results indicated that the group of women with DM2 diabetes had significantly increased FBS values to 174.56 mg/dL, which are values higher than normal limits as a result of the women having diabetes, which leads to high blood sugar levels. The results revealed that the group of women with type 2 diabetes had a significantly high percentage of HbA1C, reaching 7.39%, while the percentage of HbA1C in the two groups of healthy women and the group of women with metabolic syndrome was within its normal limits, reaching 5.06 and 5.57%, respectively. The results indicated that the three tested groups recorded total cholesterol values within their normal limits, but there was a slight increase in these percentages for the group of women with type 2 diabetes, as it was 188.86 mg/dL, while the total cholesterol levels were in the group of women with metabolic syndrome is 177.70 mg/dL compared to 162.10 mg/dL, respectively. The results indicated that the group of women with metabolic syndrome had a significant increase in the total triglyceride rate, reaching 175.78 mg/dL, while the group of women with type 2 diabetes recorded 163.13 mg/dL compared to 93.85 mg/dL for the group of healthy women. The results showed that the three groups studied did not record significant differences in HDL values and that all HDL values were within normal limits. The group of women with diabetes recorded the highest value, amounting to 49.69 mg/dL, while the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded the lowest value, amounting to 41.66. mg/dL compared to 47.23 mg/dL for the group of healthy women. Data indicated that the LDL values for the three groups tested did not differ significantly, except that the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded the highest values, amounting to 94.11 mg/dL, while the group of women with diabetes recorded the lowest rate in LDL value, 81.23 mg/dL. The control group (healthy women) was 85.24 mg/dL, respectively. The results showed that the two groups of patients (women with metabolic syndrome and women with type 2 diabetes) had significantly increased average VLDL values (35.14 and 32.60 mg/dL) compared to the treatment of healthy women, which recorded 18.72 mg/dL. The results of the study of the effect of the level of insulin in the blood of women for the three tested groups showed that there was a slight increase in the level of insulin in the group of women with metabolic syndrome and the group of women with type 2 diabetes, as it recorded 13.21 and 10.89 µg/mL, while the group of healthy women recorded 6.07µg/ml respectively. From the data, it appears that there is a significant increase in the average CRP values in sick women, especially women with type 2 diabetes, as it recorded 4.12 mg/L, while the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded 3.14 mg/L, while the group of healthy women recorded 0.77 mg/L. The results showed that the group of women with type 2 diabetes had a significant increase in the level of copeptin, recording 941.98 pg/mL, while the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded 613.06 pg/ml, compared to 308.73 pg/ml for the group of healthy women. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the average spexin level for the two groups of women patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, as it was recorded at 760.35 and 551.60, respectively, compared to 1253.10 for the group of healthy women. The results showed that there are significant differences between the HOMA-IR values for the three groups tested, as the group of women with diabetes outperformed the rest of the groups in terms of raising the HOMA-IR values, as it recorded 5.33, while the group of women with metabolic syndrome recorded 3.39 compared to 1.38 for the group of healthy women.