Antalya Kaleici Port in the perspective of underwater cultural heritage

Many subjects have been examined and discussed with our thesis titled Antalya Kaleiçi Harbor in the Perspective of Underwater Cultural Heritage. The history of diving from the first age to the present is briefly examined. Turkish diving history, cultural heritage and cultural property definitions were made. The historical development of the national cultural heritage legislation, the current cultural heritage protection legislation and the underwater cultural heritage legislation have been examined. Since Antalya Kaleiçi harbor was an important port throughout the ages, all ages were studied in general. In accordance with the order of the period, the short histories of Antalya were examined and the Antalya port trade was tried to be explained. Without going too far out of the framework of our department, we focused on shipyard localization, breakwater structures and sea signs. Underwater cultural heritage includes many disciplines. It requires an interdisciplinary study. In our research, underwater sonar systems, drone shots, Autocad program, cartography and GIS programs (Netcad, ArcGIS), underwater photos were taken by diving and underwater photoscans were created. This thesis has been prepared by interpreting all these data. By georeferencing the historical scanned maps, they were compared with their current locations and analyzes of the Antalya Kaleiçi harbor breakwater structures were carried out. Thus, the accuracy of historical photographs and historical maps regarding the localization of nautical signs has been proven. In this context, the Antalya harbor map dated 1815, the port plan prepared in the 1890s, Lanckoronski's Antalya fortification system plan, Şükrü Fikri Erten's Antalya Kaleiçi map and the 1941 map were georeferenced. Since the historical maps are not full scale or there may be errors in their scanning, shifts have been observed in comparisons with today's locations. The georeferences of historical maps give us an idea of their periods. As far as possible, all assumptions are discussed in this thesis regarding the problem of port shipyard localization for Antalya castle. As a result, although no definite information could be reached, it was concluded that it would be more accurate to localize the shipyard in a place within the castle, and it is not considered possible for the shipyard to be on the Mermerli beach in this geography where even the sea bastions could not withstand the waves and crumbled. XIX of the shipyard location. It was concluded that it was in the place used as a kalfathane next to Kırkmerdiven until the 19th century. An archaeological excavation to be carried out here will also shed light on Antalya's past. It roughly coincides with the 2000 m² area of the Alanya shipyard. The land just south of Kırkstair, known as kalfathane in the 1941 archive plan, was a sandy beach at that time. In addition, this land is registered with the title deed directorate (Antalya province, Muratpaşa district, Tuzcular neighborhood, block 136235, parcel number 154, area of 2,497,10 m²) as a slipway for small sea transport vehicles. This shows us that this is an area where ships have been maintained, repaired, repaired and built since ancient times. All assumptions about Antalya Kaleiçi Mermerli beach are discussed in this thesis. As a result, in 1683, Cornelis de Bruyn's engraving shows two smaller bastions right next to the south sea sign. These bastions may have been destroyed over time or by the erosion of the sea waves, and thus the port may have been abandoned and the port remained unusable. As evidence, in the dives and drone footage we made at Mermerli beach, traces and stairs suggesting that these two towers could be the foundation were found. When describing the northern sea sign, Lanckoronski says that the sign was made on a light rock. These two small bastions may have been built on these two rocks on the Mermerli beach. Many cut stone blocks were seen under the sea during the dives at Mermerli beach. This makes us think that there is an old building here. These small sea bastions may have been built as a stand-alone defensive structure, or they could be in a breakwater structure connected to the coast. As a result, although such an opinion is formed within the framework of these findings, more precise results can be obtained with a new document, finding or underwater excavations. During the dives around the Antalya Kaleiçi breakwater area and the harbor mouth, 19th century Ottoman Period, English porcelain plate piece with Istanbul depiction specially made for the Ottoman market, floor or wall curbstones that we think are 19th century Italian production, 19th century Far East themed English porcelain plate and 18th century pottery called Çanakkale Sülüklü. These underwater works were photographed together with the scale, transferred to digital, and drawn in the Autocad program. Again, we found pottery fragments from different periods, which we could not date, and an amphora fragment that could not be dated. Keywords: Diving, Underwater Cultural Heritage, Antalya Port, Georeferencing, Breakwater, Bastion, Maritime Trade.