Production and characterization of natural stone powder and polymer binding mortars for the repair of historic buildings; Sille stone example

The properties of the materials used in the building are effective in the resistance of the building against external effects such as earthquake and wind. Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, the properties of materials used in buildings can be improved. One of the developments in the field of technology, new materials developed with additives used in composite materials have superiorities over traditional materials in terms of durability, thermal, optical and insulation properties. The use of these properties provided by composite materials in the restoration of cultural assets helps in the protection of structures. However, in order for the new materials to be used in the restoration of cultural properties to be compatible with the properties of the materials in the historical monuments; Studies on physical, chemical, mechanical and microstructural properties are required. In this context, repair mortars have been developed for the use of restoration of cultural properties. In this thesis, the characterization of composite mortars prepared for the restoration of cultural properties in Konya is carried out. For this purpose, Sille stone, which is frequently used in the restoration of cultural properties in Konya, was preferred in the development of composite mortar. However, the deterioration of Sille stone by different environmental factors causes damage to cultural properties. The increase in these damages in buildings leads to the danger of destruction of cultural assets. With the advancement of materials science, polymer-added mortars are being developed and they are preferred in restoration works of cultural properties due to the high repair performance of these mortars. These polymer-added mortars are both compatible with the material of cultural assets and resistant to water and humidity. In this thesis, composite mortars were produced by mixing Sille stone powder (SSP) with polymer binder (phenolic, polyurethane, epoxy and polyester) and the physical, chemical, mechanical and microstructural properties of these composite mortars were investigated. According to the literature research, although the mechanical and physical properties of Sille stone were investigated, no studies were found on the development of repair mortars to be used in the restoration works of cultural properties in Konya. This thesis focuses on the development of repair mortars to be used in restoration works of cultural properties in Konya and the compatibility of these composite mortars with cultural properties; it is unique because it is evaluated in terms of physical, chemical, microstructure and mechanical properties. In the first part of the study, sieve analysis of SSP was made and the compatibility of phenolic, polyurethane, epoxy and polyester resins with SSP was investigated. In the preliminary experiments with polyurethane and phenolic resins added to SSP, it was determined that these resins are not suitable for use in restoration studies due to low results in terms of strength and binding. Later in the study, repair mortars were prepared by adding 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% wt. epoxy resin (ER) and polyester resin (PR) into SSP, and its mechanical, physical, chemical and microstructural properties were investigated. The sample sizes used to examine the properties of these mortars were prepared according to ASTM standards. In the mechanical properties of the study; three point bending test (ASTM D790), compression test (ASTM D695), tensile test (ASTM D638), hardness determination (ASTM 2240) and impact test (ASTM D256) were performed. In the physical and chemical properties of the study; chemical composition (XRF), density determination (ASTM D792), void determination (ASTM 2734) and water absorption test (ASTM D570) were applied. Additionally, SEM-EDS, XRD and FTIR analyzes of the prepared samples were performed. In the second part of the study, longitudinal ultrasound wave and transverse ultrasound wave velocities of the repair mortars were determined by ultrasonic pulse-echo method. Density values of the mortars were determined using Archimedes' principle. Elastic constants, Longitudinal modulus, Transverse modulus, Young's modulus, Bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio, ultrasonic micro hardness and acoustic impedance values of the repair mortars produced with the help of these determined velocity and density values were calculated. According to the data obtained by ultrasonic method in the study, it was determined that the strength values of PR/SSP composite mortars were higher than ER/SSP composite mortars. Ultrasonic test results obtained in the study showed that these tests can be used as an alternative method to destructive methods in the characterization of the mechanical properties of the new composite mortars produced.