Evaluation of pollution potential of undergrounwater at Taskisiği and Calticak village (Adapazari) region

This study is submitted to Istanbul Technical University Institute of Science and Technology as a master thesis and covers to research the effects of Çaltıçak and Taşkısığı areas on surface and ground waters as the potencial pollution of usability water quality in Çatıçak and taşlkısığı Village (Adapazarı) and its surroundings. This thesis study is the first study to be made academic level at around the study area. In the study area, there are a lake (the name is taşkısığı) which is approx 65 acres (ha) of surface area, there are a power plant building surrounding at the lake but there aren't encountered any industrial waste during the investigation. That are used by the villagers for irrigation purposes, with fisheries and picnic areas along the coast. Drinking water in the region is used from the city water line, but the water needs for use (cleaning, irrigation water in agriculture, etc.) are mostly used by lake and underground wells. The study area is 40 ° 50'- 40 ° 52' N and 30 ° 21'- 30 ° 24'E defined by coordinates. within the boundaries of Sakarya province; Sakarya Province is located on the north-east of the Marmara Region, the most socio-economically developed region of our country, on the main transport link connecting Anatolia to the other regions. Access to the study area, located 11 km far from Sakarya city center, is provided by Sakarya-Karasu road to the north from Sakarya city center. Marmara region has the most developed industrial regions of Turkey. The industry has developed so much that industrialization is now being made from agricultural areas. The rapid increase in population, the migration from villages to city center and the use of technology at higher levels, every day increase the need for energy. For this reason, alternative energy sources and new generation power plants are being built to meet the increasing energy demand. One of these is ENKA power plant located inside our work area. The plant, which is an important business site for the local people, which uses approximately 2000 tonnes (20 lt /sec) of groundwater per day. Likewise, within the study area, PAKSAN lime packed industrial and concrete plant facilities are also included; These facilities use high amount water from underground. An important part of the groundwater used in these facilities is given discharge to nature after use. At the same time, the watersheds in the basin are used by the people of the region as irrigation - sanitary water both at home and agriculture. For this reason, underground and surface waters are chosen as the study subject. By studying the physicochemical properties of groundwater in the study, it is aimed to determine the appropriateness of drinking water, wastewater and agricultural irrigation water from the waters in the region. For this purpose, it was aimed to reveal the hydrological and hydrogeological properties of the study area with the field study and to take the water samples and analyze the results through the related diagrams to reveal the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the region. In order to understand the geological framework of the investigation area and to prepare its map, a field study was carried out in the region. There are Devonian aged Taşkısığı Formation, Cretaceous Ekizce Formation, and Quaternary-actual period alluvium deposits are located in the region stratigraphy. From the units in the study area; the oldest unit is Devonian aged Taşkısığı Formation and Cretaceous aged Ekizce Formation overlying it are permeable units. The basal unit of the Taşkısığı formation, which is called the Palaeozoic complex, consists of sandstone, shale, limestone shale, siltstone and marl alternation and generally has acracked and fractured structure in places. Due to the fact that the fractured and cracked systems are filled with clay, these sections of the stratigraphy are not suitable for groundwater flow and are considered as medium - poor aquifer. Taşkısı Formation's Koru Limestone and Ekizce Limestones are seen as hard and medium cracked with medium to thick beded in the outcrop. It contains karstic melting cavity. These units are defined rich aquifers due to the high conductivity of the limestones and their wide spread in the area. The study area is located transitional climate zone where the Mediterranean climate, extending to the Marmara basin, and the Black Sea climate, which gained the north-specific character on the Black Sea coast, are effective. Despite the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate in the south and west, the continuation of the summer drought, the decrease of precipitation in some years and the decrease of average and absolute temperature differences in general, is a sign of a transition area between Mediterranean and Black Sea climate regions. In addition, Sakarya province with Marmara climate characteristics; It has a rainy, damp weather and a mild climate. The winters are rainy and warm, the summers are hot. The study area is includes of hills, ridges and dry river beds with different elevations in the area between them. Most of the area covered by fertile agricultural lands and covered by forests and dense trees. Some important elevations within the study area respectively ; Karaali Tepe (63 m), Sakız Tepe (74 m), Türbe Tepe (100 m), Arpalık Tepe (100 m), Taşkısığı Tepe (90 m), Tarayan Tepe (80 m), Topal Tepe (35 m), Tepecik Tepe (52 m), Harman Tepe (52 m), Taşlı Tepe (55 m), KocaIhlamur Tepe (160 m), Ayvaliyatak Tepe (145 m), Dervişkırma Tepe (50 m) dir. According to the bulletin obtained from Sakarya Meteorology State Office observatory; The annual average temperature of the region is 14,59 °C and the average annual precipitation is 850.9 mm. The annual average potential evapotranspiration is calculated as 717.66 mm and the actual evaporation-transpiration is calculated as 542.3 mm / year. The main subject of this study is to research the pollution potential of the karstic aquifer in the study area due to industrialization. For this purpose, the site was first visited in November of 2015 and the temperature, pH, Eh, conductivity (EC), salinity and (NaCl) values of the water were measured and recorded, then the site was re-visited again and representative water samples were taken. Total of 11 samples were taken. Samples are taken from the open surface water and the underground wells. The main cation and trace element contents of the samples were analyzed by ICP-MS method in ACME Laboratory and anion contents were analyzed by ıon chromatography cevice (IC) at İzmir Institute of Technology. The pH value, which has a important effect drinkability on the waters is in the range of 6.5 to 9.5 were given by TS266 except the sample of SU-4 (pH: 11,48). Conductivity (EC) value was below the maximum permissible 2000 μS / cm limit in TS266 (EC: 2760 μS / cm) except SU-6. The temperature values in the sampling lake waters were measured between 19.2-29.9°C and the values measured in 6 samples exceeded the limit value of 25 ºC specified in TS266. The waters main anion (Cl-, SO4=, HCO3-) and main cation (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+) values are identified; the lake and wells water samples values are in the limit values, the open surface lake water are determined as usable water (clean, and irrigation) because of the values. The waters are acording to SAR diagram for irrigation, and the waters determined as little salinity water. Also Wilcox diagrams are prepated, and the water determined as very well – well waters and well waters. To prove the relationship between waters chemical components and lithology, the semi-logarithmic Schoeller diagrams are prepated. The cation ranges of waters are rCa+2 > rNa++rK+>rMg+2 ve rMg+2 r, the results are parallel with the main formation of the Taşkısığı Formation. The anion ranges of waters are rC1- > rSO4= > rHCO3-. The waters high SO4- and Cl- values are can explained by artificial pollutant sources or anthropogenic pollutant source The water samples were analyzed for metal by ICP-MS method and among these elements Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg analyzed considered dangerous for human health, AS (Samples SU-2, SU-3 and SU-6), Br (in all samples), Mn (SU-10) and Se (SU-6) values were found to be anomalous. The content of other samples except SU-4 (<0.5 ppb) varied from 0.53 ppb (SU-1) to 14,42 ppb (SU-6), although the limit value for U was not determined by TS266 and WHO. In addition, Ba, Cr, Si, Sr and V values are anomalous in some samples. All of the data obtained from the laboratory tests, commonly evaluated that all samples without the SU-6 samples, could be used as irrigation water. However, well water used for cleaning and irrigation purposes in the study area Taşkısığı, Çaltıçak Village and the surrounding should be research with systematic sampling in determined of As, Mn and U, especially with high Br content (> 10 ppb).