تاريخ الاجتهاد في تفسير القرآن في عصر النبوة والصحابة والتابعين والعصر الحديث(دراسة مقارنة

Research in this thesis (the history of independent thinking (Ijtihad) in the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an) revolves around three main and central sections, each of which represents a historical period in the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an, and in each era new developments emerged that influenced the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Qur'an First section: Ijtihad (independent thinking) of the time of the Prophet, (PBUH), his honorable companions and their followers, may God be pleased with them. The Prophet,(PBUH), is the only analyzer and interpreter, to whom the honorable Companions are referred back to what matters are hidden from Their religion, including the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Qur'an, and the methodology of the Prophet, (PBUH), in interpretation was to explain the Qur'an with the Qur'an, or he explains the verses that his esteemed companions ask him about, or he reads the verse and then mentions its interpretation, and sometimes he (PBUH) approves the interpretation of some of hes companions - including the People of Qur'an - if that is correct. Then followed that the era of The honorable companions, may God be pleased with them, used to interpret the Holy Qur'an with what was authenticated by the Prophet (PBUH) otherwise they resorted to the sciences and arts of language (linguistic), and if this is not so,strive hard with their opinion, for they are all fair and trustworthy,and they have established schools of interpretation for th followers.Theyspread the science of exegesis in it, and their approach was like that of the Companions,may God be pleased with them.The Israeli novels were narrated without evidence until it was attributed to the Messenger, (PBUH), falsely and with falsehood, and this was influenced the interpretation of The Holy Qur'an. The second section: Ijtihad in the era of codification, when science spread until it reached its climax of various kinds Including the science of exegesis, a new form of exegesis appeared, which is exegesis by opinion. After the interpretation was based on the correct influencing of the narrations reported on the authority of the Prophet, (PBUH), and his companions and those who follow, may God be pleased with them, appeared the interpretation In opinion, as every interpreter interprets the Holy Qur'an with his own opinion, and if the interpretation is based on the correct from the aphorism, and the science of Language and sound methodology in exegesis, this is considered from the exegesis with the praiseworthy opinion, and if it is victorious for the doctrine and sect And not taking the correct conditions in consideration in the interpretation, it is considered an interpretation with a blameworthy opinion. In this era, 6 the translation of the Holy Qur'an from Arabic into various languages appeared, and many mistakes were made, it reflected on the integrity of the interpretation, intentionally or unintentionally, as the translators sometimes did not know the two languages, or they were discriminated . Because of their belief and sect, the translation distorted the purpose that God Almighty wanted from the revelation of the text of the Qur'an. The third section: interpretation in the modern era, the scientific progress that the modern era witnessed, and the scientific discoveries Modern interpretation led to the emergence of new forms of interpretation, such as scientific and social interpretation, and others, where some Commentators in this era make the link between modern discoveries and generous verses in various fields, trying to do so. Show the scientific miracles in the Holy Qur'an. What affects in the interpretation in this era is the emergence of Orientalism and the Orientalists, and they were divided into two groups, one whose main goal was to undermine Islam and Muslims through Challenging the validity of the Holy Qur'an and the maxim of its interpretation, or the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an according to their goals, far from the principles of interpretation and its sound approach developed by the nation's scholars to reach the intended meaning of the noble verses, and another team Its aim is to show the truth and clarify the true goals of Islam.These people do justice to Islam and Muslims through their books and writings. And they left aclearimprint that indicates their goals, sincerity and sincerity in their work. Key Words : History, History of diligence, Age of prophecy, The Age of belonging, Age of followers.