Design, synthesis, and innovative applications of new conjugated system compounds containing tetralone and quinazoline

Organic and organometallic compounds constitute a significant portion of scientific research in the field of natural sciences, holding a critical position among natural and synthetic substances. These compounds have garnered attention in the biomedical field by yielding effective results in combating diseases such as cancer, which profoundly impact public health. Furthermore, with their environmentally friendly properties, they offer promising findings in addressing the energy needs of the modern world through ecological means. Inspired by the enzyme-substrate relationship, organic and organometallic compounds are designed as smart materials to deliver active agents with minimal harm to the body while maximizing benefits. This approach aims to enable highly efficient, target-specific healing processes, achieving near-100% efficacy, akin to the enzyme-substrate interaction. Chalcone-derived compounds are an important class of compounds, serving as fundamental building blocks of plant-derived flavonoids. With the potential to be obtained from natural sources, chalcones exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These characteristics make chalcones stand out among plant-based compounds, attracting significant interest in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The development of chalcone derivatives as smart materials holds the potential to offer innovative solutions in targeted treatment methods. Quinazoline-derived compounds, with their heterocyclic structures, occupy a prominent place in biomedical applications. Various derivatives of quinazolines are utilized as foundational structures in biologically active substances and drug molecules. Possessing a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, quinazoline derivatives are extensively studied by biologists and medicinal chemists. It is anticipated that their popularity will increase in the future, playing a central role in biomedical innovations. Phthalocyanine (Pc) compounds are another significant class of compounds, distinguished by their versatile applications and robust chemical structures. Initially used as blue and green dyes, phthalocyanines have evolved to serve in a wide range of applications, including photoconductive materials in photocopiers, chemical sensors, electrochromic devices, reactive compounds for photodynamic therapy (PDT), photovoltaic cells, liquid crystals, and Langmuir-Blodgett films. The multifaceted nature of phthalocyanines makes them indispensable in both fundamental science and industrial applications. Quantum dots (QDs) are innovative materials that dramatically alter the physical and chemical properties of substances due to their nanoscale dimensions. The reduction in particle size enhances material efficacy, as seen in quantum dot technology used in televisions to provide more precise color sensitivity. When examined as catalysts, substances that are ineffective at larger particle sizes demonstrate high efficiency when reduced to the size of quantum dots. The synthesis and applications of QDs hold groundbreaking potential, particularly in human health and energy production. However, working with these materials presents significant challenges in synthesis and characterization processes. In this thesis, chalcone, quinazoline, and phthalocyanine derivatives exhibiting smart material properties, along with QDs and their hybrid structures, have been synthesized and thoroughly investigated. The study encompasses the following key areas: (E)–4-(4-((1–oxo-3,4–dihydronaphthalene-2(1H)ilidene)methyl)phenoxy) phthalonitrile derivative, which is the first of the phthalocyanine compounds we have synthesised, fluorescence properties in different solvents and different pH values, In terms of photochemical properties, singlet oxygen yield (ΦΔ), photodegradation quantum yield (Φd) and biological effects on α-glucosidase and carbonic anhydrase enzymes were investigated. The indicators obtained show that the substance is a special substance in terms of molecular behaviour and shows different sensitivity to environmental conditions. When we look at these verbs, it is seen that this substance is different from normal ordinary substances. This synthesised compound is included in the class of smart and innovative materials with these properties. 4-(4-(4-(2-amino-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-4-yl)phenoxy) phthalonitrile derivative phthalocyanines, which are the other series of substances synthesised in the second study, have been photochemically investigated in terms of their fluorescence properties in different solvents and at different pH values, singlet oxygen yield (ΦΔ) and photodegradation quantum yield (Φd). Biologically, the properties of phototoxide, cytotoxide and in vitro photodynamic antitumour activities for breast cancer treatment have been investigated and the reactions given show that the molecule is a special substance. As a result, these molecules are special substances that are candidates to produce effective results in environments containing special conditions. The class of smart and innovative materials has new members showing superior properties as a result of these substances we have synthesised. Our third important study was the synthesis of indole, carbazole, phenothiazine derivative and tetralone main skeleton chalcone derivatives which have the ability to inhibit aldose reductase enzyme which is directly related to diabetes. These compounds prevent the metabolism of glucose as a result of inhibition of aldose reductase enzyme and prevent the emergence of diabetic complications. The synthesised compounds, with their smart material properties, have played an important role in the elimination of disorders that adversely affect the quality of human life; peripheral nerve cells, retinal problems and functional disorders occurring in kidney tissues and have become an important alternative active substance in the treatment of diabetes. As the 4th and final study; The synthesis of QDs with indole, carbazole, phenothiazine-derived tetralone, and quinazoline-based compounds has been conducted, and their luminescence quenching properties analyzed. These properties indicate that the synthesized compounds function as electron donors, and the hybrid structures with QDs can be utilized as smart materials in solar cell applications. Furthermore, novel molecular solar cell designs developed with these hybrid structures have been introduced to the literature. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the potential of hybrid structures as smart materials by combining the biological and photochemical advantages of organic compounds (chalcone, quinazoline, phthalocyanine) with CdSeS QDs. The findings, spanning enzyme-based biomedical applications with phthalocyanine derivatives, cancer therapies with quinazoline derivatives, diabetes treatment with chalcone derivatives, and energy solutions with QDs, aim to pave the way for new research avenues in both fundamental science and industrial applications. The environmental sensitivity, biological efficacy, and energy efficiency of these hybrid structures suggest they will play a significant role in future applications.