Detemination of hypoxia- inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), superoxide dismutase (SOD), galectin-3 (GAL-3) level in patients with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, widespread metabolic disorder in which the organism cannot adequately utilize carbohydrates, fats and proteins due to defects in the insulin mechanism. The disease has acute and chronic complications. The acute complications can reach fatal proportions, threatening the patient's life, while the chronic complications can lead to slow, long-term damage. The etiology shows that both genetic and environmental factors affect the disease. In particular, patients over 30 years of age who have metabolic syndromes with a body mass index over 25 often suffer due to dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the rate of Type-2 diabetes diagnosis in 15- to 30 year olds, due to genetic and environmental factors. The increase in complication incidence may change due to patients' dietary habits, sociocultural structure, and non-sedanter lifestyle. HIF-1alpha protein has a crucial function in hypoxia, angiogenesis, and cardiac embryogenesis. It is a heterodimeric transcription factor that is activated as a normal response to hypoxia to regulate ischemic reperfusion of the body. When tissue oxygen levels drop, HIF1-alpha and HIF1-beta react with the help of prolyl hydroxylase in the nucleus and activate the hypoxia response element (HRE) to reduce or prevent the damage. In addition, it is an important molecule regulated by insulin about intracellular glucose uptake in normoxic situations. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant that converts metabolic superoxide anion radicals, which are dependent on NADPH oxidase, into a less reactive substance, hydrogen peroxide. Deficiency of this substance can lead to chronic complications and incidents such as type 2 diabetes. Its deficiency easily leads to aging, tumor formation and chronic diseases in the body. Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family. It is responsible for many pathways, such as extracellular matrix interactions, macrophage activation, antimicrobial activity, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, etc. The presence of galectin is related to the development of fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction, making it one of the key elements in chronic diseases such as T2DM. Galectin inhibitors play a role in damage healing mechanisms which is trying to prevent the development of fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction in the body. Parallel to many studies in the literature, this molecules levels were significantly positive in T2DM due to endothelial dysfuncton.