Toplam faktör verimliliği, enerji yoğunluğu ve kapsayıcı büyüme: Türkiye ve Asya ülkeleri arasında karşılaştırma

Inclusive growth has become a popular subject for more than a decade. Inclusive growth is a new concept and it is about the relative position of certain social groups especially the disadvantaged ones within the economic growth process. It does not only involve these social groups' benefitting from the economic growth but also their inclusion by way of improving their role in the production process. A more equal income distribution is expected to arise with growing inclusion. This study aims at exploring the factors that would contribute to inclusive growth. Human capital (HC) seems to be major factor because it certainly raises the total factor productivity (TFP). Accumulation of human capital can be accelerated by either securing equality of equal opportunities for everyone in education, or reducing negative externalities. Equality of opportunity in education renders accumulation of the skills that are crucial in increasing productivity in all sectors of the economy. Reducing negative production externalities leads to better health conditions and to longer expected life span, an integral part of human capital. Energy sector plays a key role in achieving inclusive growth. It acts upon economic growth in two ways. A lower energy intensity (EI) and a higher energy efficiency contributes to growth by raising TFP. On the other hand a higher energy intensity is one of the main causes in the formation of negative production externalities. The study examines the impact of energy sector and human capital in attaining inclusive growth. A case study of comparison between Turkey and six Asian countries which are China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, South Korea and Thailand is present within the thesis between 1990-2014. Augmented Dickey & Fuller test, Johannsen cointegration test, and vector error correction model were employed, and panel data of Asian countries were transformed to time series by weighted average via their current GDPs. The same results are obtained for Turkey and Asia that is; HC and TFP, HC and negative externalities, EI and TFP are in relation in the long run. So the findings support TFP, energy and inclusiveness nexus expressed above.