Determination of emission factors (EFS) for the heavy metals originating from traffic emissions

In this study, total suspended particles (TSP) were collected with active sampling method on quartz filters at Bolu Mountain Tunnel which is located at Istanbul-Ankara highway. Elements anions and cations were determined from collected filter samples. Concentration of Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, In, K, La, Mg, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, Zn and ions were determined in the filter sample. Using the concentrations at the entrance and exit stations Traffic Emission Factors (EF) of metals and ions were determined. Results showed that almost all of Fe, Mn, Rb, Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, K and Th metals were derived from crustal soil which deposited in the tunnel tube. Chrome, Ni, Cu, Co, Cs, Pb, Be and Sm elements were found to be moderately enriched in soil which show that the traffic is also an important source as much as soil for these elements. Zinc, Nd, Sn, U, Tl, B, As, Sb, Bi, Cd, V, In and Se metals were observed to be enriched highly and were totally originate from non-soil sources. In this study, EF results of Co, Cu, As, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Ba, Sm, Tl, Pb and Bi metals, whose frequency level is equal or more than 65%, were evaluated as a vehicle emissions. Emission factor values of metals were calculated as Al 3900±3300, Ca 11800±9200, Fe 3100±2000, Mg 1300±1000, Na 2500±1700, As 8,95±4,91, Ba 57,3±51, Cd 2,58±1,68, Co 9,80±5,05, Cr 32,3±16,4, Cu 175±88,0, Mn11,0±8,20, Ni 14,8±8,22, Pb 14,5±12,0, Sb 6,30±4,30, Se 19,2±12,1, Sr 11,8±12,1, V 11000±3500, Zn 540±500, Sn 6,00±6,00. Most of metals including Th and U showed crustal behaviour. EF values of chloride, sulphate ion and ammonium ion were determined as 2000 ±1000 µg/vehicle.km, 15000 ± 4000 µg/vehicle.km and 2600 ± 2000 µg/vehicle.km, respectively. In EF results, soil borne Na+, K+, Mg+2 and Ca+2 ions showed positive EF values, however, they were not evaluated as the result of vehicular emissions, since the aeration of the tunnel tube re-suspend the accumulated dust in the tunnel atmosphere. The calculated EF values for metals and ions were found to be higher than and at comparable levels of EF values reported in literatures.