Taxonomical study of section Behenantha, lasiocalycinae, erecto-refractae and dichotomae of Silene L. (caryophyllaceae) from Turkey

In the study of Turkey Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae) belonging to the genus of Behenantha Otth., to Lasiocalycinae Boiss., Erecto-refractae Chowdh. and Dichotomae Chowdh. in four sections (four of which are endemic species) including the morphological, karyological and palynological using methods were examined for taxonomic aspects. Examples of research that forms the subject of Silene specimens collected from different area of Turkey between 2005-2016 years. S. pendula L. species not found in field work, but after the seeds obtained the plant were grown and studied outside their natural habitat. Investigations, collected samples, with major herbaria in Turkey, especially from abroad, Kew (K) and Edinburgh (E) has been conducted on samples of Silene in herbaria. S. pendula L. has not been observed in field, studies on the type and species to be grown by providing seeds were studied. Besides the collected samples, Silene in Turkey's major and especially Kew (K) from abroad and Edinburgh (E) examined Silene samples in herbaria specimens examined. Studied species sampled rewritten taking into account the taxonomic literature; conservation status, phytogeographic regions and distributions are determined in Turkey. Each type of flower parts belonging to the general appearance and manner alongside photographs and drawings, seeds and pollen (SEM) photographs of micromorphology is added to the study. Somatic chromosome numbers of taxa were determined as 2n = 24 by Aceto-Orsein squash method.Also soil samples are analyzed by taking the 10 taxa and habitats during our field work is included in the study. According to available data, Identification key were updated. As a result of our study, from Behenantha sections of S. cariensis Boiss., two subspecies of taxa; subsp. cariensis and subsp. muglae Vural & Dönmez., that different taxa have been confirmed by us. Published as a new endemic taxon S. koycegizensis has been found a synonym of S. echinospermoides Hub.-Mor., from Rigidulae Boiss. section. Morphology is quite similar taxa from each other, S. cretica L. and S. tenuiflora Guss., morphological characteristics, micromorphology, supported by detailed pollen and seeds are expressed as separate taxa. In the section Lasiocalycinae, published as a new species, S. sumbiliana Deniz & Düşen, has been found synonym of S. cryptoneura Stapf. from Atocion Otth. section. In the section of Lasiocalycinae, S. squamigera Boiss., subsp. squamigera and subsp. vesiculifera separation of two subspecies was confirmed to be correct by us. From section Lasiocalycinae, S. trinervia Sebastiani & Mauri., were distributed in our country only in Thrace and it was determined as a sinonym of S. gallinyi Heuffel ex Reichenb. In the section Dichotomae, located of S. euxina Rupr. are expressed as a separate taxon. Recorded as species imperfectly known or doubtfully in flora of Turkey, S. bithynica Post has been identified sinonym of S. pendula from section Erecto-refractae Chowdhuri.