Van Lake coastal geomorphology

The coastal morphology of Lake Van, Turkey's largest lake, is of great importance due to its complex geological structure, intense tectonic processes, and dynamics influenced by paleoclimatic factors that characterize the region. To date, a comprehensive academic study addressing the geomorphological features of Lake Van's shores with a holistic approach has not been found. This deficiency makes it difficult to fully understand the morphodynamic processes, coastal evolution, and human-environment interaction of the region. This research aims to systematically examine the geomorphological structure of Lake Van's shores within this framework. In the research process, extensive field studies conducted in different years and seasons were combined with a detailed literature review and office work. With this methodological approach, many geomorphological formations of Lake Van's shores were mapped, evaluations were made regarding their formation processes, and each geomorphological unit was visually recorded. The findings of the study show that complex and multi-stage geomorphological processes are decisive in the formation of Lake Van's shores. It was determined that tectonism was the dominant process in the evolution of the coastline during certain periods, while climatic factors came to the fore in others. The sections of the approximately 575 km long Van Lake shoreline, which are classified as low-lying shores, are mostly shaped by rivers and streams. These sections contain important wetlands such as Yam, Göründü, Van, Karasu, and Zilan Lagoon, providing a habitat for endemic species unique to the region and making the shores of Lake Van a nationally important biological reservoir area. Approximately 230 km of the shores of Lake Van have high potential for beach tourism. In the context of the region's changing socioeconomic conditions, this potential is expected to transform Lake Van into an important attraction not only at the national level but also for its neighbors. However, when combined with uncontrolled human pressure (anthropogenic impacts), this situation raises the risk of destruction of natural formations with geological or geomorphological heritage characteristics as a current observation. Within the scope of the study, the changes caused by these anthropogenic impacts have been scientifically documented with the support of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based maps and visual materials. Furthermore, natural hazards near the coast (floods, landslides, earthquakes) and anthropogenic hazards (such as air and water pollution) have been examined in depth, and temporal changes in the coastline and the potential hazards and risks these changes may pose have been discussed. One of the original outputs of this research is the precise determination and mapping of the locations of natural formations that constitute geomorphological heritage under anthropogenic pressure. This output will form a reliable basis for scientific studies to be carried out for both planning and protection purposes related to the coast and coastal use. The results of the study are expected to contribute scientifically to settlement suitability analyses in coastal areas, the assessment of natural hazard sources, and the development of sustainable coastal management approaches. Furthermore, by revealing the morphological diversity of the Van Lake coastline, the study aims to contribute to geographical studies of the region and increase social awareness.