A historical comparative analysis of the political, economic, social, and technological dimensions of the first and second industrial revolutions from a management sciences perspective

The Industrial Revolutions represent one of the most profound transformation processes in human history. This thesis comparatively examines the social, economic, political, and technological impacts of the First and Second Industrial Revolutions. The effects of both revolutions are analyzed from a management sciences perspective in a multidimensional framework. Qualitative research methods, specifically content analysis and thematic coding techniques, were employed; seven purposefully sampled works were subjected to in-depth analysis. During the data collection process, books and book chapters were systematically reviewed, notes were taken according to predetermined categories within the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) analysis framework, and the coding process was carried out. The findings for both Industrial Revolutions were compared using historical comparative analysis to reveal similarities and differences. The analysis demonstrated that mechanization and factory-based production led to radical transformations in production systems, resulting in significant social outcomes such as the emergence of the working class, urbanization, and changes in family and education systems. The widespread adoption of electricity and mass production techniques accelerated global integration and the development of scientific management principles. The study reveals that the Industrial Revolutions constituted a multidimensional process that profoundly transformed not only technological but also social, economic, and political structures, and that the historical foundations of modern business management can be traced to these transformations. The findings, strengthened by systematic analysis and multiple control mechanisms, provide insights for understanding the historical roots of contemporary management practices and predicting future transformations.