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A cross-temporal analysis of intralingual translation: The case of Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpinar's works in Türkiye
This study links the shifting language policies in Türkiye to the discourses of intralingual translations, taking into account the political and secularisation trajectory of the country. The thesis seeks to demonstrate the role and function of intralingual translations played in the evolution of the Turkish language and discourse within the framework of the establishment of (de)secularisation, the construction of cultural memory, and the achievement of linguistic hospitality. To accomplish its aims, the present study carries out a cross-temporal analysis of Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar's three novels Gulyabani, Kuyruklu Yıldız Altında Bir İzdivaç and Efsuncu Baba written before the Turkish language reform and their intralingual translations conducted by various private publishing houses throughout the Republican history. Seeing discourse as a historically constructed entity, the present study employs Discourse Historical Approach devised by Ruth Wodak (2001) to conduct a cross-temporal analysis of the intralingual translations of Gürpınar's novels. The discourse patterns detected in various intralingual translations reflect the ideological positioning of the time period in which they were created. In conclusion, the reconceptualisation of intralingual translations conducted across different time periods within the framework of Turkish translation history demonstrates that the discourse on Ottoman Turkish is reconstructed based on the prevailing ideologies of the respective production periods during the Republican era. It is revealed that the notion of 'language modernisation' remains inadequate to fully encompass the extent of these intralingual translations, as they both secularise and modernise the discourse of the source text and demonstrate cultural, social, political and historical zeitgeist. Therefore, research on intralingual translations sheds light on the multifaceted relationship between the Republic of Türkiye and its Ottoman past, as well as its gradual trajectory towards secularisation and modernisation.
Translated queer fiction in Turkish: A comparative study on Turkish translations of Patricia Highsmith's Carol: The Price of Salt
Recently in Translation Studies, the interaction between translation and gender has become more apparent. As the number and quality of studies published at this intersection increase, feminist translation studies and queer translation studies have become the sub-disciplines under Translation Studies. As a branch of this field, many studies have been conducted in respect of queer translation and queer theory. Yet, there is still a noticeable gap that needs to be filled in queer translation studies. Hence, this thesis focuses on the differences of translated queer fiction through several consecutive decades in terms of translation strategies with special emphasis to the aspects such as, patronage, ideology, censorship and visibility. To this end, this thesis aims to make a comparative analysis of the two Turkish translations of the queer literary novel Carol: The Price of Salt. 1992 translation by Mehmet Harmancı and 2018 translation by Seçkin Selvi of the novel will be examined in the light of Marc Démont's queer translation modes and B.J Epstein's translation approaches. The reasons for different translation strategies observed between the two Turkish translations will be analyzed according to André Lefevere's theoretical framework. As to conclude, it is expected to focus on different translation approaches and what affected translators to adopt those approaches for translating this queer literary work throughout the years.
Through readers' eyes: Reception of George Orwell's retranslations in Turkish context
This study focuses on the readers' reception of the boom in retranslations of George Orwel's works in Turkey after his copyright expired on January, 2021. In the current state of translation literature, retranslations are determined by the supply and demand of the market and the reception and criticism of readers, rather than by gradual development and the attempt to achieve a "great translation" (Berman, 1990). According to this study, the trigger for retranslation in recent years has been socio-cultural. Therefore, it is suggested that retranslations are intended to meet the demands of different reader groups or in other words the "interpretive communities" (Fish, 1998) within the target culture, rather than to respond to a need or an erroneous first translation. To this end, in order to understand where George Orwell and his famous novel 1984 are positioned in the Turkish context, news, blogs, columns and academic studies referring to 1984 have been examined. Then, a bibliographic study of all translations of the novel published in Turkey before and after 2021 has been carried out. This study provided us with insights into the readers' "horizon of expectations" (Jauss, 1982) regarding Orwell and his novels. Then, in the main analysis part, readers' comments collected from two websites (Ekşi Sözlük and Kayıp Rıhtım) have been graphically shown. These comments are categorised by the researcher according to the themes to evaluate the act of retranslation, their criticism and expectations. As a result, the researcher has drawn attention to the fact that the concept of retranslation has expanded in the 21st century. Also insight into Turkish readers' expectations of translation is provided, and a reception process that would be useful for future academic studies and retranslation act is suggested.
Gender representations in translated and original cartoons: A Turkish-English dual corpus comparative analysis
Adopting the perspective of a corpus-based study in translation studies, this thesis endeavors to explore gender representations in some contemporary cartoons on two widely viewed and preferred digital TV channels broadcasting in Türkiye. The corpus data was chosen from thirty cartoons that aired on Disney Channel Türkiye and TRT Çocuk between the years 2015 and 2021 with a target child receiver age range 6 to 11. A Turkish-English dual corpus—the original Turkish cartoons on TRT Çocuk channel and the dubbed translations of Disney Channel Türkiye—were analyzed in an attempt to identify the gender representations that Turkish children, aged six to eleven, were exposed to between 2015 and 2021. Both the non-translated and translated corpus were analysed with reference to the approaches and perspectives provided through the intersection of several sub-fields of translation studies such as translation of gender and audiovisual translation for children. For the content analysis, the method proposed by Abigail Walsh & Campbell Leaper (2020) and the activity categorization of Andrée Michel (1986) were employed, and the relative rates were analyzed in terms of the number of characters, talkativeness, speech behavior (support or suggestion), aggressive behavior, activities, and appearance. The results reveal that both the non-translated and translated audiovisual products perpetuate numerous gender stereotypes. Keywords: corpus-based translation studies, gender representation, audiovisual translation, translating for children, content analysis, cartoons
Analysis of Rupaul's drag race in Türkiye from a translation studies perspective
Queer translation has been a significant research area within Translation Studies. The increasing presence of queer content on streaming services like Netflix highlights the importance of subtitling in conveying queer discourse. This study firstly aims to examine the micro- and macro-translation strategies employed in the Turkish subtitles of the American reality TV show RuPaul's Drag Race (RPDR) and its spin-offs available on Netflix, with a particular focus on the transmission of drag language. RPDR heavily utilises drag language, which, as an anti-language of the drag queen sub-culture, is rich in queer elements and deserves attention due to the challenges it poses for subtitling. The second goal of this study is to explore how and to what extent the translational decisions in the Turkish subtitles capture the queer essence of drag language. The three key concepts that guide the study are performativity, identity, and discourse. The micro-analysis employs Jan Pedersen's (2011) Extralinguistic Cultural Reference transfer taxonomy adapted to examine Intralinguistic Cultural References under four categories, namely (i) the word 'drag' and its derivatives, (ii) gender-specific expressions, (iii) ballroom culture, and (iv) miscellaneous. The macro-analysis employs Marc Démont's (2018) queer translation strategies, initially formulated for literary texts, for the subtitling examples in this thesis. The study reveals that certain instances, classified as misrecognizing or minoritizing translation in the analysis, cannot be definitively characterised as such, as they are supported by visual elements that facilitate a process of queering translation. The study concludes that the Turkish subtitles predominantly reflect the queer nature of the show and that the utilization of micro- and macro-translation strategies can be markedly influenced by the limitations imposed by the subtitling process. The analysis of the strategies also reveals that the translator(s) adopt an activist approach in introducing Western queer terms into another culture.
Yeniden çevrimlerde toplumsal cinsiyet odaklı değişiklikler: The Split ve Evlilik Hakkında Her Şey
Translation studies constantly evolve, encompassing various fields like audiovisual translation and gender studies. Due to the widespread access to audiovisual content, producers need to translate these products to reach a broader audience, using diverse approaches to cater to different audiences. In this sense, remakes have become a popular approach in Turkey and other countries for producing and adapting content to target consumers' preferences and cultural values. Remakes entail re-shooting and presenting the audiovisual content produced by another culture for a new audience by adapting it according to the preferences and cultural values of the target consumers. Turkey has become one of the countries producing many remake series and programs. Considering that remakes constitute a large portion of the audiovisual products within the Turkish culture's viewing habits, the issue becomes how these habits can be shaped through such audiovisual products. The thesis studies one of the latest remake series Evlilik Hakkında Her Şey, with a comparison of its source series The Split, from a gender-based perspective. In viewing and comparing the two series, it may be noted that the remake series Evlilik Hakkında Her Şey have been produced with considerable changes in the representation of gender issues, especially those concerning women. The analysis will be undertaken by drawing on the perspectives and approaches presented by the fields of translation studies, such as feminist translation, AVT, and remakes. The comparison will be conducted by adopting Katerina Perdikaki's model for the purpose of this study. In conclusion, gender-based shifts in the remake series in Turkish culture and the possible reasons for the changes will be presented. Thus underlining both a difference in cultural perspectives of gender issues in the two cultures studied and showing the recent tendencies of how these are relayed with examples from a popular remake.
The Bridgerton series through an activist gender lens
Since the early 2000's, feminist translation studies, which lies at the intersection between translation studies and gender studies, has included the study of audio-visual translation as well as literary texts as a corpus of research. A reason behind this might be that the popularization of streaming platforms has brought the need to include audio-visual translation such as subtitling in the content they release. As streaming platforms reach many audiences, it is important to analyze how gender related issues are being portrayed in these translated products. In this thesis, the subtitles of Netflix's historical drama Bridgerton, based on the novels written by Julia Quinn, are analyzed according to the feminist translation strategies adapted by Wallmach (2006) which were derived from Vinay and Dalbernet's translation categories (1995) and Delabastita's translation strategies (1993). To examine how the translator of the series treated the transference of the gender related expressions in the original into the subtitles, the frequency of the feminist translation strategies will be assessed using numeratical statistics. In addition, alternative subtitles will be offered which are translated from a gender perspective and with an ideological aim. By combining feminist translation theory and practice, this thesis aims to assess of the frequency of the feminist translation strategies used in subtitles of Bridgerton and pinpoint sexist transfers. It is important to note that that such a popular series reaches millions across the world influencing their world views. Moreover, the series is a cross-temporal adaptation that portrays a time when women where 'placed and viewed' differently in society. In this respect it is important to note how they are portrayed in a contemporary version of the story. This study would set the scene to investigate how 'faithfully or in an activist manner' historical romantic drama wishes to portray gender issues of the past in the present-day setting, and of course, the translator/s choices in this portrayal.
Quality of interlingual subtitles created by professional and non-professional translators: An assessment of a crowdsourced translation project
Democratization of technology has set a stage for prosumers, who have started to take on an active role in online translation activities, and also has brought about the appearance of new practices and environments. This thesis, circling around the quality assessment of interlingual subtitles created by professional and non-professional translators, aims to investigate a crowdsourced translation project as one of those new translation environments, where volunteer translators with distinctive backgrounds engage and collaborate in a participatory culture. In accordance with this aim, the TED Translators program was determined as the data source of the thesis and profiles of volunteer translators were reviewed to recognize professionals and non-professionals according to self-identification data. Conforming to the purposive sampling strategy, four professional and four non-professional volunteer translators that had translated TED-Ed Lessons were chosen at random. The interlingual subtitles translated into Turkish by the volunteers were evaluated following the framework of the FAR Model (2017), drawn by Jan Pedersen, and a mixed-methods quality assessment was conducted searching for an answer to the question of whether the quality of interlingual subtitles produced by different groups of translators for the same crowdsourced translation project shows disparities. The analysis, in which TED's in-house translation guidelines were also employed to feed the FAR Model, additionally concentrated on the sufficiency of in-house guidelines to ensure a standard of quality between the translators. The results of the quality assessment present insightful perspectives on Audiovisual Translation training, translation competence, and online collaborative translation practices.
The effect of speech imageability and the speaker's gestures on the simultaneous interpreter's gestures
The investigation of cognitive effects of gestures during simultaneous interpreting holds high interdisciplinary value. This value stems from the primary cognitive function of gestures during speaking and listening. Gestures that accompany speech, gesticulations, enhance the comprehension of the listeners and the speaker's thought formulating processes. Considering that simultaneous interpreters are concurrently both speakers and listeners, the quantitative investigation of their gesture production in a proper simultaneous interpreting enables the observation cognitive gesture functions in an extreme language task. Conducted experiment of the presented thesis investigates said functions in two main variables: the speaker's gesture production frequency and the source speeches' imageability, while introducing a new concept to the limited literature with the name of gesture synchronisation. Gesture synchronisation refers to the interpreters' mimicking the speaker's gesture both in terms of gesture type and timing. The analysed data highlights two main results. First, it highlights a predictive effect between the speaker's gesture frequency and their synchronisation by the participant interpreters. Second, the data suggest an interaction between the source speeches' imageability and the interpreters' iconic gesture production, hinting at imageability related cognitive functions of iconic gestures. Gesticulations in this context have a cognitive function as the alone interpreter's gesture production cannot be for communicative purposes. The presented thesis herein contributes to multiple disciplines in two veins, it demonstrates the cognitive functions of gestures in a simultaneous interpreting scenario with long interpretations and a relatively high number of participants and it introduces and demonstrates the concept of gesture synchronisation of simultaneous interpreters.
"La Cage Aux Folles" filminde yer alan cinsel kimlik ögelerinin türkçe altyazı çevirisinin analizi
Bu çalışmada, "La Cage aux Folles'' Türkçe çevirisiyle "Çılgınlar Kulübü" filminde farklı cinsel kimlikler ve yönelimler üzerinde durulmuş ve bu çerçevede toplumsal önyargılar ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda, çevirmenin bu konulara dikkatle yaklaşması ve eserdeki söz konusu kişinin cinsel kimlik kullanımını göz önünde bulundurarak çeviri yapması büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Türk dilinin cins ayrımı bağlamında çok az farklılıklar barındırması kimi zaman kolaylık sağlarken, bazen de ciddi anlam kayıplarına neden olabilmektedir. Feminist çeviri kapsamında bu anlam kayıplarının önemi büyüktür ve mutlak anlamda çevrilmesi cinsel kimliğin muhafaza edilebilmesi bakımından hayatidir. Söz konusu çalışmanın amacı, Fransızca, Türkçe ve İngilizcede cinsel kimlik unsurlarını yansıtan kesitlerin irdelenmesidir. Öncelikle, seçtiğimiz örneklerden bir tablo oturuşturulacak. Türkçe, Fransızca ve İngilizceden oluşacak örneklerimiz altyazı çevirisinde hangi stratejiler ile aktarıldığı Diaz Cintas ve Remael'in Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling" (2007) adlı kitabındaki altyazı çeviri stratejileri bağlamında değerlendirilecektir. Bu kapsamda çeviri analizinde dikkate alınması gereken sınırlamalara ve zorluklara değinilecektir. Bunlar, hedef kültürün yer, zaman, dilsel ve sosyal farklılıklarının kısıtları dikkate alınarak gerçekleştirilecektir. Çalışmanın tartışma bölümünde bu analizlerden ve kullanılan stratejilerden yola çıkılarak filmin yaratım amacına uygun olarak çevrilip çevrilmediği saptanacak, ayrıca, çevirmenin cinsiyeti her fırsatta belirtmemesinin ya da belirtmek için fazladan çaba sarf etmemesinin altında daha derin bir anlamı olup olmadığı tartışılacak.
Analysis of military terminology in the translation of war literature: A descriptive study on retranslations of Joseph Heller's Catch-22
This thesis aims to examine the translations of Catch-22 by Levent Denizci (1976) and Niran Elçi (2006) in terms of military terminology. The methodological and theoretical framework is based on Antoine Berman's translation criticism theory. Berman argues that translation criticism should be constructive. According to him, deforming tendencies in the target text should be examined since they can shed light on translator's choices and help the critic analyze the text in a productive way. He also thinks that every translation ages in time and therefore needs retranslation (Berman, 2009). Catch-22, written by Joseph Heller, is a cult post-war novel rich in military terminology. In this thesis, the military terms in Catch-22 were analyzed according to Berman's twelve deforming tendencies and the results were examined in the light of his retranslation theory. In the analysis part, military terms randomly selected from both target texts were shown in tables and analyzed with a descriptive method over fifty examples. The findings of the analysis show that the first translation made by Levent Denizci aimed to introduce the source text to the target culture. So, the strategy of ''domestication'' is observed in his translation. In addition, Niran Elçi's retranslation exhibits fewer deforming tendencies observed in the initial translation. Therefore, Niran Elçi's retranslation is closer to the source text, and the strategy of "foreignization" is observed in this translation. Also, it can be concluded that quantitative impoverishment, the destruction of underlying networks of signification, and the destruction of linguistic patternings are the tendencies that are observed the most in both target texts when the results are checked.
Job satisfaction of interpreters working in healthcare settings in Türkiye
Türkiye is a peninsula at the crossroads of three continents, a centre of attraction in many aspects, such as migration, tourism, settlement, transport and trade. It, therefore, has to meet the needs of foreigners during their stay in the country. Healthcare needs require an intermediary, hereafter referred to as an interpreter, to establish communication between patients and healthcare providers. In recent years, the healthcare sector has developed highly, and many foreign patients have visited Türkiye for healthcare solutions. The high demand for foreign patients for health care and the developments in the healthcare sector have made it necessary to recruit more interpreters and have increased the demand for better-trained interpreters looking for desirable working conditions and, thus, adequate job satisfaction. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the job satisfaction, job burnout, organisational commitment and trust of interpreters working in healthcare settings in terms of pay, promotion, supervision, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, working conditions, co-workers, nature of work, communication and overall satisfaction (Swartz, 1999). Data were collected using the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Organizational Commitment Scale, and the Organizational Trust Inventory, and the data collected was scored according to the survey scoring guide. In addition, respondents were asked qualitative questions to obtain exploratory information about the most critical factors affecting their job satisfaction in the hospitals where they work, which may help improve the situation.
Koku: Bir Katilin Hikayesi" filminin Türkçe ve Fransızca sesli betimleme metinlerinin ADLAB kılavuzuna göre karşılaştırmalı analizi
Milenyum sonrası gelişen teknoloji ile görsel-işitsel medyanın hayatımıza pek çok alandaki entegrasyonu hiç olmadığı kadar artmış, bu durum çok göstergeli ve çok modlu bir çeviri türü olan görsel-işitsel çeviriyi de Çeviribilim içerisinde çok daha görünür kılmıştır. Görsel-işitsel çeviri alanı içerisinde hedef kitlesi görsel veya işitsel düzgüye erişimi olmayan bireyler için yapılan erişilebilirlik için çeviri çalışmalarının görsel düzgüye erişimi kısıtlı veya hiç olmayan kör ve görme engelli bireyler için yapılan hiposemiyotik bir çeviri türü olan sesli betimlemenin, kendine has kuralları vardır ve bu çeviri türü için kaliteyi arttırma ve uluslararası standartları oluşturma amaçlarıyla dünya genelinde birçok kurum ve kuruluş tarafından oluşturulmuş kılavuzlar bulunmaktadır. Bu kılavuzlardan bir tanesi de Avrupa Birliği tarafından desteklenmiş ve 2014 yılında uluslararası kamuoyu ile paylaşılmış olan Sesli Betimleme: Kör ve Görme Engelliler için Yaşam Boyu Erişilebilirlik (ADLAB) kılavuzudur. ADLAB kılavuzu 2010 yılında uygulamaya alınmış ve aynı adı taşıyan projenin son ürünüdür. Bu tez çalışmasında ADLAB projesi kapsamında, tıpkı proje paydaşı ülkelere yapıldığı gibi Fransa ve Türkiye'nin sesli betimleme profilleri çıkarılacak, ADLAB kılavuzunda sesli betimleme metin yazımı ile ilgili ele alınış unsurlar ışığında tezin bütüncesi olarak seçilen film incelenecek, bütüncenin Türkçe ve Fransızca sesli betimleme metinlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılacaktır. Bu analiz ile farklı ülkelerde farklı kültürlere ait betimleyiciler tarafından oluşturulan sesli betimleme metinleri arasındaki değişikliklerin açığa çıkarılması ve bu sayede sesli betimleme alanında kültürler arası farklılıkların belirlenmesi hedeflenmektedir.
Volunteerism characteristic for emergency and disaster interpreting: Türkiye experience
Disasters are natural or man-made events that have devastating effects on human life, economy, and cultural assets that governments cannot cope with using local resources. Disaster causes large-scale losses, therefore actions such as search and rescue (SAR) operations, first aid services, and distribution of aid materials are vital in the place where the disaster occurs. In addition, disasters create and moral obligations in people and lead both to national and international cooperation. In this context, international aid can be sent to countries where disasters occur, especially in the context of SAR operations. The aid aforementioned can be provided by countries or by international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on a voluntary basis. It is essential for groups or NGOs in question to be able to communicate with the local governments in disaster area to which they are sent, without language barriers, in order to carry out the operations and assistance. This situation clearly demonstrateditself in the 1999 Marmara earthquakes, which caused a lot of loss of life in Turkey. After realizing the language barrier, Emergency and Disaster Interpreting (ARÇ) Organization was established on volunteering basis to ensure communication with foreign search and rescue teams and first aid teams in disaster situations. ARÇ, which aimed to provide this service for disaster situations when it was first established, has also included emergency situations in its scope of work later. Within the scope of the organization, trainings were providedfirstin Istanbul, followed by Ankara, and then Izmir and Sakarya, at İstanbul, Hacettepe, Dokuz Eylül and Sakarya Universities, respectively. This thesis underlines issue of volunteering, considering that individuals participating in ARÇ organization must have necessary sense of volunteering in disasters and emergencies, and aims to clarify the volunteering understanding of individuals who have participated in the trainings at various levels within the scope of ARÇ Organization.
Türkiye'deki mütercim-tercümanlık lisans programları müfredatlarında makine çevirisi öncesi ve sonrası düzeltme: Bir model önerisi
Çeviri teknolojilerinin hızlı gelişimine paralel olarak, çeviri pazarının ihtiyaç ve taleplerinde bazı değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Özellikle son yıllarda gelişen yapay zekâ çalışmaları, çeviri sürecinde ve çevirmen profilinde bir takım değişiklikleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Günümüzde, makine çevirisi öncesi düzeltmenlik (pre-editör) ile makine çevirisi sonrası düzeltmenlik (post-editör), çevirmenin yeni rolleri arasında sayılabilir. Artan çeviri talebinin karşılanması için makine çevirisi öncesi ve sonrası düzeltme işlemlerinin ön plana çıkmasıyla, makine çevirisi öncesi ve sonrası düzeltmen ihtiyacının arttığını söylemek mümkündür. Piyasada ihtiyaç duyulan güncel çevirmen becerilerine çevirmen adaylarına kazandırmak bir gerekliliktir. Öyleyse, çevirmen adaylarının makine çevirisi öncesi ve sonrası düzeltme yapabilmesi için edinmesi gereken bilgi ve beceriler nelerdir? Çevirmen adaylarının bu konuda yeterlilik ve yetkinlik kazanması için gerekli bilgi ve beceriler eğitime nasıl entegre edilebilir? Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki Mütercim-Tercümanlık lisans programlarında makine çevirisi öncesi ve sonrası düzeltmenin yeri müfredat analizi üzerinden açığa çıkarılacaktır. Ayrıca, alanyazının, konuyla ilgili bazı derslerin içerikleri ile ilgili ders sorumlularının görüşleri de göz önünde bulundurularak, makine çevirisi öncesi ve sonrası düzeltme becerilerini kazandırmayı hedefleyen bir öğretim modeli önerilecektir.
Automatic speech recognition in consecutive interpreter workstation: Computer-aided interpreting tool 'Sight-Terp'
This experimental study investigates the effect of using an automatic speech recognition (ASR)-enhanced computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tool "Sight-Terp" on the performances of a group of participants in consecutive interpreting tasks. Sight-Terp, which is designed and developed by the author of this study, provides a digital note-pad, real-time speech translation, named entity recognition and highlighting, and automatic segmentation of a speech. The study employs a within-subjects repeated measures design to test participants' performances in two conditions (with and without Sight-Terp) and analyses their performances based on the criteria of accuracy and fluency. In seeking the significant difference between the accuracy ratios in two different conditions, accuracy was measured by the average of the number of accurately conveyed units of meaning (Seleskovitch, 1989). Fluency, on the other hand, was measured by calculating the total number of occurrences of disfluency markers such as false starts, frequency of filled pauses, filler words, whole-word repetitions, broken words, and incomplete phrases for each performance. Additionally, a follow-up qualitative survey is conducted to obtain participants' comparative responses and perceptions of the tool usage. The analysis and quantitative results of the study indicate that leveraging the ASR-integrated CAI tool Sight-Terp led to an enhancement in the accuracy of the participants' interpretations. However, this also resulted in a higher occurrence of disfluencies and elongated durations of interpretations. While the users experienced little difficulty while using the tool, the study outcomes also suggest potential areas of improvement and modifications that could further enhance the utility of the tool. The study aims to inform interpreting education and practice by highlighting the benefits and challenges of incorporating ASR technology in the interpreting process and offers practical suggestions for the future development of CAI tools for interpreters.
Effect of computer assisted interpreting tool on simultaneous interpreting performance
The number and scope of technologies used during conference interpreting are limited in comparison with Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) tools designed for translation practitioners. Computer Assisted Interpreting (CAI) tools aid interpreters throughout their assignments, taking into account their needs like glossary drafting and terminology retrieval. This study provides an overview of the CAI tools designed for interpreters' terminology management and evaluates the impact of using one such tool, Interpreters' Help, on novice interpreters' simultaneous interpreting (SI) performance, compared to a traditional electronic glossary in MS Excel format. Twelve recent graduates from Hacettepe University's Department of Translation and Interpretation participated in this study. A repeated-measures experimental design was used. Initially, participants were interviewed about their experience with interpreting-oriented technologies like CAI tools. They then performed a pre-test SI using an Excel glossary, followed by CAI tool training. Subsequently, participants completed a post-test SI using a glossary created with Interpreters' Help. After both tests, participants responded to a 5-point Likert questionnaire containing nine statements and one open-ended question. Simultaneous interpreting performances, terminological performances, and questionnaire responses were analysed and compared using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, a non-parametric method, was employed to compare the SI performance scores. Participants' terminological performances were assessed for accuracy based on their glossary method and applied lexical strategies, using recorded data. This thesis seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on interpreting studies by highlighting advantages and disadvantages of CAI tools.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar'ın Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü adlı eserinin İngilizce çevirilerinde kültürel öğelerin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi
Translation involves not only two different languages but also two different cultures. It acts as a means of mediation bridging linguistic and cultural differences. Translation, therefore, cannot be thought in isolation from culture. Literary works are often loaded with certain elements that are specific to a culture, which pose great challenges to the translator, especially in the case of translation activity between two distant cultures. Because these elements are widely unknown to the target culture, their transfer to the target language most often comes with problems arising from the differences between the source and receiving culture. They can be transferred into the receiving culture using source-text- or target-text-oriented translation strategies. Strategies predominantly used in transferring CSIs can help build a macro-level understanding of the translation in question as a whole. This study aims to analyze culture-specific items in English translations of Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar's Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü translated by Ender Gürol (2001) and by Maureen Freely & Alexander Dawe (2013). All CSIs found in the novel will be identified and how they are transferred into the target language in both translations will be examined. Axielá's model for the translation of CSIs will be used to analyze the extracted CSIs. A random selection of the extractions will be discussed in detail. In light of the data found, Venuti's model will be used to reveal which strategy (foreignization vs. domestication) is predominantly used and to what extent the translators are visible in each translation.
Imageries of horror in literary translation: The Turkishtranslations of Clive Barker's the books of Blood volume I
Horror fiction occupies a significant place in Western literature, although it is not historically canonical. It has maintained its popularity since the emergence of the Gothic novel in the eighteenth century. With relatively fewer examples of horror fiction in Turkish, Turkish readers have been exposed to horror largely through translated works. Since the emotion of horror is central to the horror genre, transferring this emotion to the target text is crucial. Imagery as a literary device is a major contributor to the emotion of horror, termed "art horror" (Carroll, 1990) . This study aims to analyze the use of imagery in both source and target texts and to provide a descriptive analysis of the target texts, based on the translation strategies employed by the translators. Within this scope, the present study compares Clive Barker's The Books of Blood Volume I and its two Turkish translations. Ultimately, as a result of the analysis, it is found that particular translation strategies serve the purpose of re-creating ST art horror imagery in varying degrees and it is reasonable to evaluate those strategies in terms of their applicability in the reproduction of the source text art horror by prioritizing image representation over text representation.
Анализ лингвистических аспектов перевода Романа Якобсона
Bu çalışmada, Roman Jakobson tarafından ilk olarak 1959'da yayımlanan "O lingvistiçeskih aspektah perevoda" (Çevirinin Dilsel Yönleri Üzerine) başlıklı klasik çalışmasında tanımladığı çevirinin dilsel yönleri ve onun çeviriyi – a) dil içi çeviri, b) diller arası çeviri, c) göstergeler arası çeviri veya transmutasyon – şeklinde üçe ayırarak incelemesi ve bu konuda dilbilimcilerin görüşleri detaylı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Bu yüksek lisans tezi altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde tezin konusu, içeriği, güncelliği, amacı, özgünlüğü, uygulamaya yönelik önemi, metodolojik ve teorik altyapısıyla ilgili açıklamalar ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, çeviride karşılaşılan sorunlarla ilgili kuramsal kavramlar konusuna ve Roman Jakobson'un çeviri konseptine odaklanılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, dil içi çeviri, yani Roman Jakobson'a göre yeniden adlandırma konusu ile dil içi çevirinin dilbilimciler tarafından art ve eş zamanlı olarak iki tür şeklinde değerlendirmelerinin ayrıntılı analizlerine değinilmektedir ve farklı bilim insanlarının bakış açılarından yorumlama kavramının tanımı verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde, Roman Jakobson ve diğer dilbilim uzmanlarının diller arası çeviri kavramları konusundaki görüşleri üzerine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu bölümde eşdeğerlik, çevrilemezlik, üstdilbilim ve üstdil konularıyla diller arası çeviride teklik/çokluk, tür, cins kategorileri konusunda araştırmacıların farklı bakış açıları ve şiir çevirisiyle ilgili görüşleri ele alınmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde, göstergeler arası çeviri diğer bir adıyla transmutasyon konusu ele alınmaktadır. Göstergeler arası çeviride reklam ve ekrana uyarlama konularına odaklanılmaktadır. Bu bölümde, göstergeler arası çevirinin sözel olmayan gösterge sisteminden (müzik) sözel gösterge sistemine geçişi incelenmektedir. Altıncı bölüm olan sonuç bölümünde ise ulaşılan bulgular özetlenmektedir.
Reframing through simultaneous interpreting: The 2020 US Presidential debates in the shadow of a pandemic
The U.S. Presidential Debates are one of the most followed TV shows being interpreted live in many countries as well as in Turkey. The year 2020 was noteworthy in the sense that the debates were held in the shadow of a pandemic. Along with that, the tumultuous environment with overlapping talks of the candidates received a great deal of attention. In Turkey, this year's debates were interpreted live on TV with the new working conditions shaped by the precautions due to the pandemic. It is against this background that this study aims to examine how the 2020 American presidential debates are reframed through simultaneous interpretation on television. Against this backdrop, recordings of the simultaneous interpretation of the debates were obtained from 2 news outlets. Furthermore, in-depth interviews with the interpreters of the Presidential Debates were corroborated with the real interpreting instances. Through interviews, working conditions and preparation process of the interpreters will be analysed as well as their decisions pertaining to the interpretation of the debates. As a result, the data and the interviews will be scrutinized in the light of Framing Theory to shed light on the question how the simultaneous interpretation of the presidential debates were (re)framed and the interpreters become (re)framers. Correspondingly, the results prove that along with working conditions and preparation processes framing the simultaneous interpretations, interpreters as well (re)frame the debates with the decisions and strategies they adopt.
A descriptive study on the Turkish translation of Captains Courageous
The aim of this thesis is to conduct a thorough descriptive analysis on one of the Turkish translations of Captains Courageous (1897) by Rudyard Kipling. The original novel is regarded as one of the early examples of young adult fiction, a genre that has been underresearched both in literary studies and translation studies. Captains Courageous seems to have a special place in the systems of translated young adult and children's literature in Turkey since there are twenty-six translations of the book in total, all conducted after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. The translation that was carried out by Kamuran Şerif [Saru] and published in Arabic letters in 1928 right before the alphabet reform is selected as the focus of the descriptive analysis since it is the first translation of the work and it represents one of the most critical periods in Turkish history, namely the early Republican Period. The methodology of the descriptive analysis is mainly based on the theoretical contributions of the prominent members of the Descriptive School. While Gideon Toury's target-oriented theory (1985) is used to observe the norms governing the translation process, Itamaar Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory (1978) and Andre Lefevere's notion of "patronage" (1992) are also benefitted from in an attempt to clarify the parallels between the translator's strategies and the dominant ideological and poetological tendencies of the early Republican Period. The findings of the descriptive study indicate that the equivalence relationship between the source and the target texts could generally be defined as "acceptable" (Toury, 1995, 56) although when lower-level decisions of the translator are taken into account, it could be claimed that the translator skillfully moves back and forth between the adequacy and acceptability poles. The findings also reveal that most choices of the translator are in accord with the poetics of his time and that the ideological tendencies of the period could be observed in the decisions of the translator as well as in the foreword written by Ahmet Cevat [Emre], one of the prominent Turkologists of the period in question.
Metin Erksan'ın film uyarlaması Kadın Hamlet'te yorumlayıcıların eleştirel bir analizi
The aim of this MA thesis is to critically examine Metin Erksan's film adaptation Kadın Hamlet (The Female Hamlet) (1976) using the methodology offered by Lawrence Venuti to guide research on film adaptations. Within this aim, the study concentrates on the formal and thematic interpretants in the famous film adaptation. Formal interpretants in the work have been investigated in terms of the setting, Erksan's filming style, and motifs like revenge and paternal love. The results reveal that the mentioned motifs and the setting have a structural equivalence relationship with the source material, namely William Shakespeare's Hamlet. When it comes to Erksan's filming style, his work is certainly in line with his previous literary adaptations because they often have tragic endings involving the death of the main characters. Thematic interpretants in the work have been examined with a specific focus on the gender identities of the characters. According to the results, it could be claimed that Erksan mainly portrays a non-binary Hamlet, which is his major diversion from the source material. However, there are also some instances such as the title of the adaptation and the heterosexual relationship of Hamlet, which interrupt the non-binary portrayal. The results of the analysis have clearly shown that Erksan's application of thematic interpretants outranks his application of formal interpretants in the adaptation, which reveals Erksan's gender ideology. Key Words: Formal Interpretants, Thematic Interpretants, Metin Erksan, Kadın Hamlet (The Female Hamlet), Gender, Non-binary
Machine translation post-editing in video game localization
The aim of this study is to explore whether free to use machine translation systems can be used to localize video games, instead of opting for crowdsourcing options. In line with this aim, 30 lines related to in-game races and their sub-races were selected from the language file of the video game called Kenshi. These lines were translated using Google Translate and Amazon Translate, which are free-to-use neural machine translation systems, and the raw machine translation outputs obtained were evaluated by three volunteers in accordance with TAUS "adequacy" and "fluency" error annotation criteria. Then, in accordance with TAUS "Human Translation Quality" guidelines, the volunteers post-edited the raw machine translation outputs. In the light of the obtained data, it has been determined that the raw outputs of the aforementioned machine translation systems cannot be used without post-editing. It has been determined that only 32% of Google Translate's raw machine translation output and 23% of Amazon Translate's raw machine translation output can be used without post-editing. However, by making use of machine translation post-editing, it was observed that the translators' word per hour performance doubled at minimum. Thus, it has been concluded that machine translation systems substantially decrease the translation workload. In addition, it has been determined that video game localization competences have a decisive effect on the editing efforts of the people who conduct machine translation post-editing, and especially "creativity" and "familiarity with games culture" competences cause great differences in edit efforts.
A descriptive study on the effects of post-editing on lexical diversity
Machine Translation (MT) technologies paved the way for great advances in the translation industry with the development of Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Translation companies and translators have started to save a great deal of time and energy by doing machine translation post-editing (MTPE) instead of translating from scratch -human translation- (HT). In this study, the volunteer participants were asked to both translate the same texts from scratch and post-edit by using a generic machine translation. The results were analysed comparatively with a focus on lexical diversity. According to the findings of the study, it has been observed that machine translation post-editing and human translation results differ significantly. When compared to the human translation results, machine translation post-editing results have been proved to be less rich in terms of lexical diversity.
A study on operationalizing applied English translation programs in Turkey: An examination in terms of competencies, sector and academy
In Turkey, translator education has become an area of frequent research since the foundation of the 'Translation and Interpreting' and 'Translation Studies' departments, which provide undergraduate education. In addition, Applied English Translation programs that provide associate degree education are also included in translator training. On the other hand, the Vocational Qualifications Authority has determined the profession of "Translator" as Level 6 and this level indicates the undergraduate level. This leads to some problematic issues concerning theory and practice at the workplace. Employment of students who graduate from this program is at the forefront of these problems. In addition, it has been determined that holding a bachelor's degree is a main requirement in terms of having a position as a translator at governmental institutions such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs etc. The aim of this study is to examine the employment opportunities of the students of Applied English Translation programs and to determine the positions and sectors where the students can be employed. Thus, by increasing the functionality of the program, it will be possible to train semi-skilled staff who can speak languages for different sectors. The research was designed as a qualitative study and different data sources were included in the research in accordance with the purpose of the study. The first of these is the internship reports of the students. As a result of the analysis of internship reports, it was determined that the students completed their internships in many different sectors (tourism, industrial services, transportation, logistics, health, education, etc.) and used their foreign language skills effectively in this process. It supports the idea that students can be employed not only in the field of translation services, but also in different fields. The second data source of the research is the job advertisements offered by job advert web sites. In the process of examining the employment opportunities of the students of the Applied English Translation programs, Turkey's leading employment websites were included in the scope of the research. To analyze the adverts in a convenient way, semi-skilled worker positions that require English skills were included and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the potential positions for the graduates of Applied English Translation programs have been found out. Findings from students' internship reports and job adverts showed that graduates of the Applied English Translator program may have different options for employment opportunities. In order to examine this situation in a more detailed way, semi-structured interviews were conducted with two different groups. These are managers from different sectors and human resources specialists. The result of the interviews supports the findings from internship reports and data from job search engines. For instance, semi-skilled staff who can speak foreign languages are needed in different sectors; the the managers from various sectors stated that the students of Applied English Translatiom programs can be employed more easily and effectively with some additional skills they will acquire. To discuss the current situation of Applied English Translation programs and to analyze future directions regarding the curriculum of the program, faculty members were invited to a focus group interview. The interview was held both in person and online and a report was prepared. Analyzing the data of the focus group interview, the problems related to the effectiveness of the program and possible suggestions for them were clarified. When the data from different sources are analyzed, it has been concluded that students of Applied English Translation programs have more employment opportunities as semi-skilled workers in different sectors. However, in its current curriculum design, it can be said that Applied English Translation programs do not provide basic skills in addition to foreign language skills in different sectors. This is also evident from the aims of the program and the syllabus. This issue brings the necessity of reorganizing the program, namely a curriculum evaluation process. It is suggested that the implementation of a modular program, content based course design and double major/minor programs are suitable for students who want to work in the sector and students who want to continue their undergraduate programs. As a result, the functionality of the program will be increased by taking the needs of students with different educational and professional goals into account.
Translation-oriented terminography in the face of intercultural concept variation
The present thesis focuses on the asymmetries between the specialized concept fields adopted by linguistic communities from different cultures using different languages or language variants. These asymmetries create variation between the concepts referred to by specialized communities in different cultural (and commonly geographical) environments and manifest themselves as practical problems of mainly two kinds: terminological gaps and seeming identicalness of similar concepts commonly named "non-equivalence" and "quasi-equivalence" respectively in the specialized discourse of terminology and terminography. The phenomenon of intercultural concept variation and the potential practical intercultural communication problems it creates especially in the context of translation has been much less widely discussed in the context of specialized translation than it has been in the context of general and literary translation, and even much more scarcely in the context of terminology. This is quite natural because since the outset of terminology as a discipline in its own right, the raison d'etre of terminology and the rationalé of terminology work has largely been considered to be unifying concepts and concept systems by eliminating intercultural differences pertaining to them rather than managing these differences; mainly due to the influence of what is known as the General Theory of Terminology and its practical significance for accurate specialized communication both within and across different language communities. Despite the emergence of more recent and more descriptively oriented strands of the discipline of terminology such as the socioterminological (Gaudin 1993), communicative (Cabré 1999, 2003), sociocognitive (Temmerman 1997, 2000) and frame-based (Faber et al. 2005) approaches, the dominant terminographical models are still based on data organization structures whose design largely reflects the traditional normative approach aiming at eliminating all kinds of conceptual variation. Narrowing down its scope to non-normative, translation-oriented terminography in conventional translation environments characterized by mostly ad hoc terminology work, limitations with respect to time and resources, and the use of Translation Environment Tools (TEnT), the present thesis focuses on the terminographical models to be used in this type of situations where intercultural concept variation is not eliminated for practical or socio-political reasons. To observe the landscape, current established terminographical models and practices are examined both through industry best practices laid out by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and through common, established termbanks. These observations demonstrate partial incompatibility between these data organization schemes designed mainly for systematic work towards normative purposes and translation-oriented terminography characterized by ad hoc, largely descriptive terminology work. Attempts to cope with the problems that arise due to this incompatibility have also been observed and critically evaluated. Drawing from these observations and critical evaluations, terminographical suggestions with respect to data entry and organization are developed. Taking into consideration the practical limitations of conventional, smaller-scale working environments where the use of existing ready-made terminographical infrastructures is crucial, these suggestions are developed on one of the most widely adopted terminographical infrastructures in the language services industry (TBX). Moreover, because ready-made solutions are critical for the described usage context, the suggestions are formulated in the form of a supplementary modification to the data category selection of TBX-Basic, a terminological markup language providing a ready-made data category selection and data structure designed to be and commonly recognized as one of the most language industry relevant interchange format.
Hybrid languages and their translations in the light of postcolonial translation theories: Camfranglais example
ABSTRACT Hybrid languages hold a significant place in the multicultural countries, especially in formerly colonized nations. Individuals who are from formerly colonized countries speak hybrid languages, and they produce art and literature in hybrid languages. Citizens of formerly colonized nations are usually fluent in both their own language and the language of the colonizer because they have a multilingual education system. They are also multicultural as they are exposed to both their own culture and the culture of the colonizer. This situation gives them a chance to create a whole new language by using the language of the colonizer. They also create a third culture and by doing that they make the colonizers foreigners to their own languages and cultures. This is how they show the colonizer that the tables now have turned, and they have the upper hand. These colonized individuals represent their identities through the hybrid languages and cultures. Camfranglais, a hybrid language which is spoken in Cameroon, is an impeccable example. In 1970s young people of Cameroon started to use Camfranglais to be able to keep secrets from their parents and since then it became a commonly used language. In today's Cameroon writers and artists use Camfranglais as a tool for resistance against the colonizer. Peter Wuteh Vakunta is one of the writers who uses Camfranglais in this poetry. In this dissertation, his translations from Camfranglais to English will be discussed and as the case study of the dissertation, one of his poems will be translated into Turkish. For the theoretical framework views of scholars such as Antoine Berman, Lawrence Venuti, Gayatri Spivak, Tejaswini Niranjana, Samia Mehrez, Edward Said and Frantz Fanon will be discussed in the dissertation. One of the main objectives of this dissertation is to shed a light on the importance of hybrid languages for formerly colonized nations and why it is important to translate the works which have been written in hybrid languages such as Camfranglais. Translation can give the citizens of formerly colonized nations a chance to make their voices heard from all around the world, translation can shape the future, and can be used as a tool of resistance. One of the other objectives of this dissertation is to question the possibilities of translation of hybrid languages and try to construct a strategy to translate a hybrid language into Turkish. Key Words: Translation, literature, Camfranglais, Post-colonialism, Hybrid languages, colonization.
A new scene in literary translation: Using artlang for transcreating imagined languages in fantastic literature
In translation studies, literary translation has always caused many criticisms and debates since it requires creativity. Some scholars think that literary works such as poems should only be translated by poets. On the other hand, some think that such works shouldn't or can't be translated. If or when a literary work is translated, then another problem arises: translator's visibility. Fantastic literature is one of the oldest genres in the world. Epic of Gilgamesh and King Arthur's story are one of the oldest examples for fantastic literature. Since this genre gained more popularity with Clive Staples Lewis and George MacDonald's works, and J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, creative elements in those works have also piqued interest. One of the reasons that make fantastic literature's discourse and genre more unique and special is the usage of imagined languages. Since fantastic literature is supposed to have supernatural and / or strange elements to it, these can be a sociolect that is used by a group of beings, or an idiolect that is used by a being; but it also can be a completely new language. In recent years, people started to create artlangs (short for artistic language). This is a language created for artistic or aesthetic reasons, whether to stand on its own merits or to be used in fiction (library.conlang.org). The artlangs that are used in fantastic literature have become quite popular among the fans of the works. While translating works of fantastic literature, like authors, translators use their creativity as well to create a coherent world in the TL. Also, artlang translation may require the same amount of creativity since its birthplace is pure creativity that is shaped by some set of rules. Thus, while translating and / or transcreating artlangs; coherency, the role and characteristics of the language, translators' background, their creativity's nature and borders caused by varying reasons (such as author's intention or commissioner's rules), etc. should be considered too. This thesis aims to analyse artlangs (such as Sindarin and Quenya in Lord of the Rings which were created by J. R. R. Tolkien, Klingon in Star Trek which was created by Marc Okrand, Dothraki, and Valyrian in Game of Thrones which were created by David J. Peterson and George R. R. Martin) and their English and Turkish translations through transcreation. In this thesis, a descriptive method is used to analyse J. R. R. Tolkien's Sindarin and Quenya, George R. R. Martin's Valyrian and Dothraki and their English and Turkish translations in terms of translator's autonomy, creativity, visibility, foreignization / domestication. Key Words: Literary Translation, Artlang, Fantastic Literature, Transcreation, Visibility, Foreignization, Domestication
The effect of error annotation on post-editing effort and post-edited product: An experimental study on machine-translated subtitles of educational content
The aim is to examine the effect of error annotation on post-editing effort and post-edited product. The research also aims to remark the importance of quality evaluation, especially of error annotation which I argue it is an efficient way to learn how to work with machine translation. Regarding these aims, a neural-based machine translation model in the domain of psychology was trained. Afterwards, an experimental study is conducted with translation students by dividing them into two groups as control and treatment group. Control group post-edited the machine-translated subtitles of an educational content in psychology, treatment group conducted a quality evaluation before the task of post-editing the same subtitles. Their temporal and technical effort were compared to post-edited products. The study intends to contribute to the machine translation studies and to raise awareness in the use of machine translation in subtitling of educational content.
Oscar Wilde'in The İmportance Of Being Earnest eserinin Türkçe çevirilerinin görünürlük ve görünmezlik odağında betimleyici bir incelemesi
This thesis aims to analyze the two translations of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) which are Ciddi Olmanın Önemi by Murat Erşen published in 2007 and Maksat Samimiyet by Can Yücel published in 2018 within the scope of the arguments of Venuti about the translator's invisibility. In the research, the book covers, titles, idioms, made-up words, religion, and mythological terms, proper names, cultural items, examinations, and addressing words were analyzed based the Gideon Toury's descriptive theoretical approach. As a result of the analysis based on the selected examples, it was seen that the equivalence relationship between the ST and TT1 is closer to the adequacy pole while the equivalence relationship between the ST and TT2 is closer to the acceptability pole. In the research, the foreignization/domestication strategies and their relations to the translator's visibility and invisibility which were asserted by Venuti were analyzed. It is seen in most of the examples that a translation process that is closer to the target culture's norms is pursued and predominantly domestication strategy is adopted in TT2. Unlike Venuti's argument which asserts that foreignization strategy means showing a resistance to the target culture's norms and by doing so, makes the translator's efforts visible, in this case, it is seen that by applying domestication strategy, TT2 is closer to the target culture's norms and by disguising the dominant English culture items, it resists to the source culture's norms and makes the translator visible. This analysis of the case study demonstrated that contrary to Venuti's argument about applying foreignization strategy might not mean showing resistance to the source culture and it makes the translator and translator's effort visible while applying domestication strategy makes the translator and the translator's effort invisible. It was concluded that we cannot talk about a direct connection between the translator's visibility and the translation strategy in every case, time, culture, and language and there is more than one factor involved other than the translation strategy in the translator's visibility.
A study on the impact of translators' intercultural competence on customer-perceived quality
The objective that culture may be included in the translation process was introduced with the 'cultural turn' in translation studies, highlighting the notion of "translation as intercultural communication". Knowledge of culturally specific textual and discourse conventions and applying this knowledge in the process of translation is the essence of intercultural competence. The identification of translation competence of EMT Competence Framework integrates intercultural competence with the essential skills of a translator by its approach emphasizing that a translator knows how to "translate and mediate in specific intercultural contexts". Researching the concrete results of Intercultural competence with interdisciplinary approaches is significant to highlight the role of the translator in perception of products and services. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the impact and outcomes of the translator's intercultural competence in the means of customer-perceived quality. Among the people living in Turkey who do not speak Turkish, 26 individuals who were determined by convenience sampling method were interviewed. The data collected through the face-to-face interviews revealed that the intercultural competence of a translator significantly affects the customer-perceived quality, and in the lack of intercultural competence, the consumer has negative impressions and avoids purchasing products or services.
A descriptive and comparative study on the Turkish translations of the video game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt
Video games started to become a part of our lives with the emergence of arcade games in the 1970s and they have rapidly become widespread especially in the 2000s thanks to globalization and the fast growing game market. Game translation and localization played a big role in this spread. However, there are many games that do not have an official Turkish translation due to various reasons such as localization cost or political climate. Some games that do not have an official Turkish translation are occasionally translated into Turkish by their fans. In this study, both fan and official translations of the video game The Withcer 3: Wild Hunt are compared within the framework of video game translation strategies put forward by Alberto Fernández Costales in order to reveal the translation strategies used in them. The strategies are then interpreted within the framework of Hans J. Vermeer's Skopos theory in order to reveal the translations' aim. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that while both translations were produced with aims that could be regarded as similar, the translation strategies used tend to show a certain degree of variation.
Zones of uncertainty: Exploring medical interpreting in Turkey in the aftermath of the pandemic
This thesis examines the role of healthcare interpreters in Turkey and how their interpretation services inform patient outcomes and satisfaction with healthcare services. The study aims to reveal how the pre-COVID practices of healthcare interpreters informed their remote interpreting practices both during and after COVID era. To do so, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten interpreters, revealing their challenges and sense of fulfillment from helping patients communicate with healthcare providers. The habitus of healthcare interpreters is supposed to be influenced by their experiences, education, and cultural background, which shapes and in turn is shaped by how they interpret and mediate communication between patients and healthcare providers. However, the findings suggest that since healthcare interpreting is not institutionalized in Turkey, interpreters work in a zone of uncertainty where they do not share the same habitus and norms as the patients and providers. The study also suggests that research can contribute to the improvement of healthcare services and the development of training programs for healthcare interpreters.
Aziz Nesin'in eserlerinin Arapça çevirilerinin toplumsal ve siyasi mizah açısından değerlendirilmesi
Bu çalışmada genel hatlarıyla mizah çevirisi üzerinde durularak Aziz Nesin'in Ölmüş Eşek, Memleketin Birinde, Surname ve Tek Yol adlı eserlerindeki toplumsal ve siyasi mizahi ögelerin çevirmen Abdulkadir Abdelli tarafından nasıl çevrildiği Peter Newmark'ın çeviri yöntemleri ve stratejileri ışığında incelenmiştir. Hans J. Vermeer'in ve Katharina Reiss'in Skopos Kuramı ve Christiane Nord'un 'işlev artı bağlılık' yaklaşımı çerçevesinde kaynak metinler ile erek metinler arasında amaç açısından bir farklılık olup olmadığı ve çevirmenin çeviri sürecindeki ortaklarına (kaynak metin göndericisi, hedef metin muhatapları ve çeviri başlatıcısı) bağlılık düzeyi değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca kaynak metinlerin yazıldığı dönem ile çevirilerin yapıldığı dönem benzerlik ve farklılık açısından incelenmiştir. Aziz Nesin'in Arap dünyasındaki rolü mercek altına alınmış ve özellikle Suriye'de 1990'lı yıllarda Aziz Nesin'in eserlerinin çevirilerinde patlama yaşanmasının arkasındaki olası sebepler araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın genel olarak amacı, işlevsel bir kuram çerçevesinde Türkçe-Arapça toplumsal ve siyasi mizah çevirilerini değerlendirmek, çevirmenin bu süreçte oynadığı role ışık tutmak ve sansürü aşma aracı olarak çevirinin önemini ortaya çıkarmaktır.
Translation with digital data: Advertisement translation in the algorithmic age
This study aims to find answers to the questions of how communication, advertisement and advertisement translations have been transformed as an intertwined whole with the technological developments in the digital age. It will explore ways in which this transformation has affected the translation processes and the products of digital texts, and the possible consequences of this transformation for translation studies (TS) and the translation profession. In this regard, the transformation of communication, advertising and translation from past to present is explained by considering the historical, social and technological foundations of this transformation. In the study, today's technologies and how they are used in practice are discussed in the context of communication, advertising and translation with typical examples; a theoretical discussion on current digital advertisement writing and translation practices is made, and how artificial intelligence and algorithms in the infrastructure of the process are explained in the context of advertising content. In addition, there are important inferences and suggestions on translator training such as how such innovations will be reflected in translator training, what awaits the translators of the future and what should be done to prepare them in accordance with the expectations of the sector.
From Skopos Theory to Skopos Discourse: A trioscopic analysis with a panorama of quotations
This study aims to examine the misunderstandings faced by Hans J. Vermeer's Skopos Theory, which was proposed in 1978, through terms, and to reveal the 'discourse' of Skopos Theory based on this analysis. In this direction, in the light of the corpus composed of the works of the creator of the theory and with a literature review that includes criticisms, explanations and comments about the theory, this study is built on three main pillars, namely equivalence, function and text and it focuses on terms that are used with different meanings in different ways such as target-orientedness, function, functionalist, functional, purpose, skopos, optimal, loyalty or adaptation. The quotations in the annex of the study provide the necessary framework for the claims made in the study, the subject of which is theory. This study exhibits a referential structure with quotations that either support or oppose the ideas put forward but that are in a way closely related to the topics discussed; the detailed examination of term usages, on the other hand, provides the study an analytical nature. The ultimate aim is to continue the discussion in response to Holmes' invitation to meta-discussion by bringing a new topic of discussion to the field of translation studies and to bring to light the discourse of Skopos Theory, i.e. Skopos Discourse, which is believed to be hidden within, as the general translation discourse. Key Words: Skopos, Vermeer, equivalence, text, function, functionalist, functional
A descriptive study on the Turkish translations of La Bannière Bleue within the context of "national historical memory construction" and historiography
The subject of this dissertation is to analyze and describe the role played in the "construction of national historical memory" by the translations in the Constitutional and Republican Periods of the historical novel entitled La Bannière Bleue (Paris, 1876-77) by Léon Cahun, which played an important role in introducing the concepts of "Turk" and "Turkism" to the Western public opinion and in Turkish historiography. The prominent features of Turkish nationalism in two different historical periods allow historical researchers as well as those coming from other disciplines to make a conceptual inquiry and description. Approaching the translations of La Bannière Bleue published in two different historical periods in terms of the role they play in the formation of "Turkish nationalism" and "Turkish historical memory" also means describing the formation of "a culture repertoire." In this context, the translated texts in Arabic characters dated 1912 (Gök Sancak) and 1913 (Gök Bayrak) were determined as the Second Constitutional Period, and the first translated text in latin characters (Gök Bayrak) dated 1933 was determined as the research and examination objects of the text within the scope of the Republic period. Since the sources of this historical novel of Léon Cahun, in which he tells about "the oldest Turks" in the context of Central Asian Turkish communities, are historical sources, its acceptability as a historiographic text has been tried to be questioned. The act of "remembering" is "the reconstruction of the past with the help of data borrowed from the present" (Halbwachs 2017, 66). It has been examined by some historiography and memory researchers that historiography can be seen as an act of "reconstructing, reviving, reconstructing, reinterpreting". The act of "reconstructing the past" as an act of remembering brings with "a past that will be endlessly re-described" (cf. Jenkins 1997, 76). Therefore, it become significant to question the fact that the "reinterpreted" past gives birth to "reconstructed histories/pasts" with every different experience. When this fiction is acted upon, it becomes clear that the "construction of national historical memory" in the Turkish target system is an observable phenomenon through translated historiographic texts as well as through historiographic texts. Therefore, it is possible to talk about a "translational historiography repertoire" that approaches and reinterprets the same Turkish history differently. Questioning the different reflections of Turkism/Turkish nationalism through translation in the Ottoman-Republican systems made it necessary for translators to be described as historiographers through translated texts. In both periods mentioned, the traces of how the "national historical memory" was reconstructed through Necip Asım and Galip Bahtiyar, who can be seen as representatives of Turkism, are mentioned. It has also been observed that in the translations of La Bannière Bleue in these two periods, translators translated historiographical texts for "different purposes". It has also been questioned in the context of the thesis how translated historiography texts in the OttomanRepublican systems turned into a "repertoire" in the "construction of national historical memory" and occupied a place in the polysystem. This "transformation" in the OttomanRepublican systems has been approached in terms of the "norms" that determine the translators' decisions within the translation of Gök Sancak and Gök Bayrak. How the textual-linguistic material choices presented by the aforementioned texts contribute to the "construction of national historical memory" or how they prove this "reconstruction" has been evaluated through examples. In the light of "operational norms", it is described by questioning how different "purpose and conditioning" in both periods construct two different "national historical memories" and reveal two different "Turkish historiographic texts". Translations of the historical novel La Bannière Bleue, especially the "Turkist" discourse adopted in the Ottoman-Republican systems, have an important place in terms of their "reconstruction" in line with the political conditions of the period. Considering that La Bannière Bleue is a historiographic text centered on "Turkish nationalism", it can be said that it also reshaped the "Turkish historiographic repertoire" in the Turkish target system. It is also important to examine the features of "reconstructed / interpreted / described / qualified" Turkish historiography in the light of these translations, in terms of presenting a method and approach to other "imported" historiographic texts in the relevant field. Keywords: Historiography, reconstruction, Turkish nationalism, construction of national historical memory, translation historiography repertoire, translation norms
The use of machine translation in high-stakes texts: A case study on guidelines for natural disasters
The rapidly evolving artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have led to growing concern among translators regarding potential job displacement. In response to this concern, this study evaluates the performance of DeepL Translator and Google Translate in translating Turkish guidelines for natural disasters into English, and explores whether raw machine translation output can be used in such high-stakes contexts. Additionally, it investigates the effectiveness of pre-editing operations in correcting errors in machine translation outputs. Using the MQM (Multidimensional Quality Metrics) framework, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the raw outputs of both machine translation systems. Then, pre-editing strategies were developed for each error. Findings reveal that while both systems produced fewer errors than expected, errors of "major" and "critical" severity levels were present in machine translation outputs, underscoring the unpredictable nature of black-box neural machine translation systems. Pre-editing was found to be effective in addressing a significant portion of errors, with the exception of errors in terminology category. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the indispensable role of human translators in the translation process, despite the advanced capabilities of current machine translation systems.
Profesyonel olmayan sözlü çevirmenlerin akademik ortamlardaki rolü
Nowadays, it can be observed that people get help from not only professional but also non-professional interpreters to meet their needs of interpreting service, which is especially related to the context of community interpreting. People who can speak two languages may take an active role especially in the settings where there is no professional interpreter available. The research focusing on this issue predominantly centers on medical and law settings, whereas a very small amount of the ones which concentrate on education is related to interpreting in university settings conducted by non-professionals. According to the data of Yükseköğretim Kurulu (YÖK) (Turkish Higher Education Council), the number of international students studying in Türkiye in the 2022-2023 academic year is 50.106. 43.784 of these students have studied in private universities and private vocational schools of higher education in Istanbul. This study questions in which language pairs foreign students feel more comfortable while interpreting for their friends, relatives, or fellow countrymen, whether service providers feel confident and remain impartial while translating or not. This thesis tried to shed light on these questions through the answers given to the questionnaire by non-professional interpreting service providers and service receivers. In the light of the answers given by the non-professional interpreting service receivers, it was observed that they felt comfortable receiving the service from non-professional interpreters in the context of higher education and had not faced serious problems yet most of them preferred to receive the service from professionals. In addition, it was concluded that non-professional interpreters who provided the service generally trusted themselves, considered themselves as competent interpreters, however most of them defended that the service should be provided by professionals.
Türkçeden Arapçaya şiir çevirisi: İstiklal Marşı örneği
توردُ هذه الدّراسة توضيحًا لمفهوم التّرجمة من حيث اللّغة، والاصطلاح، وبعد سرد أنواع التّرجمة تتناول الرّسالة مواضيع في الأدب، كتقسيمات الشّعر العربيّ من حيث النّوع (الشّعر العمودي، والشّعر الحر). ثم تسعى الدّراسة من النّاحية الأخرى إلى تسليط الضّوء على الشّعر، وأنواعه في اللّغة التّركيّة، في محاولة لفهم آليّات الأدب، وأغراض استخدامه في مواضع مختلفة، وتركّز الدّراسة على إمكانيّة ترجمة شعر من لغة إلى أخرى، ثم تنتقل الدّراسة إلى موضوعها الأساس، وهو ترجمة النّشيد الوطنيّ التّركيّ، بعد تقديم معلومات عن سيرة كاتب هذا الشّعر (الشّاعر التّركيّ محمد عاكف أرصوي)، وأهم مراحل حياته، الأمر الذي يجعل القارئ يفهم طبيعة مؤلّف هذا الشّعر، والجوّ الذي تمّ نظم شعره فيه، ثمّ تشرح الدّراسة سبب أهميّة هذا الشّعر لدى الشّعب التّركيّ، وامتداده من الماضي إلى الحاضر. وتتناول الدّراسة بطريقة منهجيّة نقديّة أهمّ ترجمات هذا الشّعر التي قام بها المترجمون والشّعراء من الأتراك والعرب، وتسعى إلى تقديم شرحٍ وافٍ للنّشيد الوطنيّ التّركيّ، رامية إلى تزويد القارئ العربيّ بمكوّنات هذا الشّعر، ودوافع نظمه، وأسباب أهميته، وشرح ما فيه من المعاني، والأحداث استنادًا إلى أبحاث الأدباء دراساتهم بالإضافة إلى الجهود البحثية للباحثين والمؤرّخين الأتراك في هذا الحقل. وتهدف الدّراسة في نهاية الأمر إلى أن تكون قد وضعت بين يدي الشّعراء العرب، ممن لا يتقنون التّركيّة، فرصة نظم شعر في مستوى يليق بالنّشيد الوطنيّ التّركيّ، يُعتبر ترجمة إبداعيّة له، وذلك ضمن مشروع كبير تؤسس هذه الدّراسة له وتقترحه.
Claude Farrere'in La Maison Des Hommes Vivants eserinin Türkçe çevirileri üzerine betimleyici bir inceleme
In this thesis, a detailed comparative and descriptive textual analysis is conducted on two Turkish translations of Claude Farrère's La Maison Des Hommes Vivants (1911): Selim Nüzhet Gerçek's Canvermezler Tekkesi (1921) and Hamdi Varoğlu's Ölmez Adamların Evi (1955). The Gothic horror genre is used synonymously with the Gothic genre, though each has its distinctive features. This can also be said for Selim Nüzhet Gerçek's Canvermezler Tekkesi (1921), which was defined as a horror novel featuring clear Gothic elements. Following the establishment of the genre, the crucial part of this thesis is the examination of differences through a descriptive approach in the said novel and the literary work assumed to be the source text. The aim of this thesis is to examine the translations and describe the translation strategies adopted in different periods. For this reason, identifying them as 'adaptation', 'translation', 'te'lif,' or 're-writing,' depending on their adherence to the source text and culture, or the target culture, becomes important in establishing their differences. Theoretically, the categories of differences are determined based on Gideon Toury's (1995) translational norms, such as character differences, differences in the settings of events, differences regarding the translation of the plot, and additions and omissions in the texts and illustrations. These categories, in which the two translations were compared to the source text, are explained within the framework of Lawrence Venuti's 'foreignization' and 'domestication' strategies. As a result of the comparison between the two translations, it is possible to say that the 1921 translation adopted a strategy that brought it closer to the Turkish language and culture, steering it towards the 'acceptability' pole, while the 1955 translation is closer to the source text and French language, placing it in the 'adequacy' pole.
A comparative study of Turkish translations of David Copperfield
In this thesis, five different Turkish translations of David Copperfield is examined in the context of children's literature. Zohar Shavit's systemic affiliation and Lawrence Venuti's concepts of domestication and foreignization constitutes main focus of this thesis. These concepts are defined and examined. The target texts are examined considering the years in which they are translated and adapted. Considering the years in which the works included in the examination were published, historical background information regarding the period in which the translated works were produced was provided. As a result of this examination, it was determined that omissions were made in the target texts and the texts were shortened to be more understandable for child readers. On the other hand, complex and long sentences were also encountered in some parts of these translations. The mentioned parts show that including these books in the scope of children's literature may not be suitable since they can be incomprehensible for children. It is also seen that domestication and foreignization strategies are used frequently. When the translated texts were examined in the context of the usage of domestication and foreignization strategies, considering the dates of their publication, it was revealed that the domestication strategy was used more frequently in translations published between 1965 and 1985. Based on the findings obtained from this historical and descriptive study, it is possible to say that adult agents have maintained their "decision-making" role in the historical process, and that the acts of translating for adults and translating for children bring about different translation strategies.
Ara dilden yapılan çevirilerde yaşanan kayıplar ve sorunlar üzerine bir inceleme: Halil Cibran'ın "Kırık Kanatlar" romanı örneği
Bu çalışmamızın amacı, çeviriler neden orijinal dilinden değil de ara dilden yapılır? Yapıldığında ne tür tercüme sorunları ve buna eşlik edebilecek diğer yansımalar meydana gelir? vb. sorulara Halil Cibran'ın önce doğrudan çeviri diyebileceğimiz Arapçadan Türkçeye ve Arapçadan Fransızcaya, sonra da ara dil tabir edebileceğimiz Fransızcadan Türkçeye tercüme edilmiş olan "Kırık Kanatlar" romanı üzerinden cevap aramaktadır. Ayrıca, tezimizde Türkiye'de Arapçanın yaygın bir dil olmasına rağmen, neden ara dilin tercih edildiği ve bu tercihlerin ideolojik arka planları araştırılmıştır. Beraberinde, ara dilin tanımı ve geçirdiği süreçler ve çeviribilimdeki yeri incelenmiştir. Ara dil kullanımının ideolojik arka planı ise, özellikle Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarındaki çeviri pratikleri ve siyasi dinamikler üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak eserin Arapça orijinali ile Fransızca ara dil kullanılarak yapılan çevirisi arasındaki farklar incelenerek, çeviri süreçlerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını ümit ediyoruz.
Çeviri ve kuramsal tahlil: Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar'ın Boğaziçi Mehtapları adlı eserinden örnekler
Çeviri nesiller arası bilgi aktarımında önemli bir role sahiptir. Özellikle konu edebi eserlerin tercümesi olduğunda muhteva önemli olmakla birlikte bu muhtevanın nasıl ifade edildiği hususu dil kullanımını ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Eserlerde kullanılan dil farklılaştıkça kültürler de değişmektedir ve bu ikisi arasındaki iletişim zayıflamaktadır. İster yazılı olsun ister sözlü, çeviri kültürlerarası iletişimde çeviri oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar Türk edebiyatının önemli yazarlarından biri olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Hisar özellikle Boğaziçi Mehtapları adlı eserinde yaşadığı dönem İstanbul kültürünü ve gündelik hayatın bir kısmını bizlere en ince detaylarıyla tasvir etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar'ın Boğaziçi Mehtapları adlı eserinden örnekler çevrilmiş, bu örnekler ilgili çeviri kuramları ışığında incelenmiş ve ardından bu çeviri üzerine değerlendirme yazısı yazılmıştır.
Evaluating ai-based translation in healthcare: A functionalist analysis of ChatGPT's performance
The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence-based translation tools like ChatGPT in the field of healthcare within the framework of the functionalist approach. Access to accurate and comprehensible information in healthcare is crucial for patient awareness and treatment processes. The safety of patients and their access to reliable information can be jeopardized due to mistranslations. In this thesis, ChatGPT's performance in translating informative texts in the healthcare domain is analyzed within the framework of the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM), developed by TAUS and is widely used for evaluating machine translation quality. The study aims to examine the strengths and weaknesses of ChatGPT in selected healthcare texts and evaluate the impact of prompts on translation outputs. Furthermore, the need for human control, the types of errors encountered in translation outputs, and the potential risks of these errors in the healthcare field are addressed. This study seeks to contribute to the literature on the use of artificial intelligence tools for translation purposes and to shed light on the evaluation of translation quality from a functionalist perspective. Additionally, the thesis aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence-assisted translation tools and emphasize the importance of human control for reliability and accuracy in medical translations. Keywords: AI-based Translation, ChatGPT, Medical Translation, Functionalist Approach, MQM, Error Annotation
Learning to learn: Translators' post-editing patterns and priming
This study aims to measure the priming effect in the evaluation of two neural machine translation outputs. To this end, an empirical experimental setup based on task-based learning was designed. In the first part, theoretical studies on translation competences were examined in detail and the degree to the theoretical work on competences matched the labor market expectations is emphasized. In the second part, quality assessments, which are the textual projections of these competences, are analyzed. In the third part, professional and domain experience affecting the quality assessment process, different expectations in light and full post-editing processes and competences specified by international standards are examined. The fourth part explains the priming effect observed in the context of MT quality evaluation, post-editing and L2 learning behavior. The fifth part explains experimental setup including a pre-experiment questionnaire and the statistical results of the quality evaluation experiment. The results indicate that several hypotheses are confirmed. However, statistical verification of the two hypotheses requires further data. The experimental results show that the priming effect was partially observed. Significant differences were found between the experienced group and the less experienced group in the quality evaluation process. Based on these results, it is stated that future studies can be conducted on other hypotheses that can shed light on theoretical studies on competencies
Analyzing Pride and Prejudice and Zombies as an intralingual intergenre rewriting as translation
The process of recreating texts and changing their meanings in cultural, historical, and ideological settings is known as "rewriting," and it is an essential concept in translation studies. Rewriting is an important part of the rewriting of literary texts, allowing them to adapt to changing cultural, social, and ideological settings. Parody emerges as an effective instrument for both criticizing and modernizing traditional works in the framework of the cultural turn, which emphasizes the interaction of literature and its broader cultural surroundings. Rewriting a literary text into another genre results in a shift of genre. Especially if the change in question occurs within the same language, this change is examined as intralingual translation. This thesis discusses how Seth Grahame-Smith's Pride and Prejudice and Zombies parodies Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, rewriting Austen's original work within a modern cultural context. The thesis aims to compare these two works in the context of translation studies and literature, and to highlight the dynamic relationship between tradition and creativity in literary rewriting, emphasizing that parody as a genre reflects and challenges the characteristics of the source text. Examining Pride and Prejudice and Zombies as intralingual intergenre rewriting in the framework of translation studies is the core of this thesis. The study analyzes the two works through the lens of rewriting, cultural turn, interlingual, and intergenre translation, focusing on how Austen's Regency-era narrative is transformed to appeal to modern sensibilities. The addition of parodic elements, which combine Austen's social commentary with the grotesque, fantastical, and bizarre aspects of postmodern humor, is essential to this change. Austen's work is recontextualized by this imaginative blending, which also captures changes in literary trends and audience expectations.
From prompts to precision: A comparative experimental study of translation quality outputs with focus on role-based (Persona) prompting for medical texts
With the advancements in artificial intelligence-driven machine translation activities, designing prompts for large language models for translation task is an area that recently has gained interest in translation literature. The effectiveness of assigning personas into prompts, however, is a subject that needs further research in medical/pharmaceutical texts domain. In response to this gap, this study aims to evaluate the impact of offering role-based (persona) prompts to large language models. By doing so, the research assesses the quality of translation outputs of role-prompted large language models against 3 different source texts with pharmaceutical content, while comparing these outputs to zero-shot prompted models alongside the outputs from long-rooted conventional neural machine translation system: Google Translate. While evaluating automated metric scores such as BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) and COMET (Crosslingual Optimized Metric for Evaluation of Translation) from the machine translation outputs, I performed TQE (Translation Quality Evaluation) analysis through a customized TQE error-typology tool, motivated and inspired by MQM (Multidimensional Quality Metrics) framework. Therefore, this study tries to discover how effective role-based prompts are in medical/pharmaceutical domain translation with both a quantitative and also a qualitative approach, as I believe that such a hybrid approach is essential for a solid oversight of quality. Lastly, the study will include discussions over the widely-discussed concepts of machine translation ethics, translator competence, and human-machine collaboration.
House with Wisteria'dan Mor Salkımlı Ev'e: Özçeviri yoluyla kimliğin yeniden inşasında 'muhabbet' kavramı
Self-translation, often only viewed as translating one's own work from one language to another, is a practice that many bilingual writers opt for. Rather than solely being a form of linguistic transfer towards the production of a second original, it can be considered as a more creative act of reconstructing one's personal and national identity with the inclusion of emotions and memory, especially so in the case of the self-translation of autobiographical texts. The study conceptualizes self-translation in the context of Halide Edib's House with Wisteria (2017) and Mor Salkımlı Ev (2014) as a creative process, drawing on Kyria Giorgi's framing of language and emotion as key to identity formation (2014) and Susan Bassnett's contention that self-translation is a type of translation more than duplication (2013). In order to demonstrate how muhabbet serves as both a historically placed emotion that connects personal memories with national belonging and as a personal feeling, Barbara Rosenwein's (2002) notion of "emotional communities" is also used. The thesis challenges the traditional understanding of self-translation by showing how Edib's act of self-translation becomes a tool for reinterpreting personal and national memory. By highlighting the emotional effort that goes into self-translation, this thesis contends that these kinds of works should be examined as complicated places of identity translation and historical reinterpretation rather than only in terms of authorship or faithfulness.