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Ötekinin gözünden Türkler: İmgelerin çeviri yolculuğu
Bu tez, ötekinin bakış açısıyla kaleme alınmış bir tarih anlatısında yer alan Türk imgelerinin Türkçeye aktarımını imgebilimsel bir çerçevede incelemektedir. Çalışmada kullanılan kaynak metin Turkey in Europe İngiliz diplomat Sir Charles Eliot tarafından 1908'de kaleme alınmıştır. Eser tarihsel olayları aktarmanın yanı sıra Avrupalı bakış açısından imgeler aracılığıyla Türk kimliğinin temsillerini üretmektedir. Avrupa'daki Türkiye başlığıyla 1977'de yayımlanan erek metin, Adnan Sınar ve Şevket Serdar Türet tarafından çevrilmiş ve milliyetçi politikalarıyla tanınan Tercüman gazetesinin 1001 Temel Eser Projesi kapsamında yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada, Eliot'un metinde yer alan Türk imgelerinin çeviri sürecinde geçirdikleri dönüşümleri belirlemek amacıyla Pageaux'nun üç düzeyli modelinden (kelime, hiyerarşik ilişki ve senaryo) yararlanılmış ve kaynak ile erek metinde tespit edilen imgeler tematik analiz (Braun & Clarke) yöntemiyle karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, çevirinin üretildiği sosyo-politik bağlam ve erek dizgedeki ideolojik yönelimler de göz önünde bulundurularak çeviri kararlarını etkileyen faktörler tartışılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalı inceleme sonucunda Türk imgelerinin çeviri sürecinde dört temel eğilim doğrultusunda dönüştürüldüğü tespit edilmiştir: (a) olumsuz imgelerin yumuşatılması, nötrleştirilmesi ya da olumluya çevrilmesi, (b) olumlu imgelerin güçlendirilmesi, (c) bazı imgelerin metinden çıkarılması ve (d) bazı imgelerin korunması. Bu bulgular, söz konusu çevirinin ideolojik bir yeniden yazım (Lefevere) süreci olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, Avrupa'daki Türkiye örneği, ötekinin gözünden oluşturulan imgelerin erek kültüre aktarılırken toplumsal, kültürel ve ideolojik bekletiler doğrultusunda uyarlanarak ulusal kimlik (yeniden) inşasına hizmet edecek şekilde dönüştürüldüğünü ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışma, imgebilim ve çeviribilim kesişiminde yer alarak çeviri yoluyla inşa edilen kimlik ve temsil süreçlerini görünür kılmaktadır.
Bir maske olarak dil kullanımının yazın çevirisine yansımaları: Bir çift dilli yazar/çevirmen incelemesi
Bu tez çalışmasında, dünyayı algılama biçimimizi etkileyen, anlam yaratma gücü olan, toplumların ve kişilerin kimlik inşasında önemli yer tutan, aynı zamanda bir amaç taşıma işlevi de gören dilin, bir yazar/çevirmen tarafından nasıl arkasına sığınılan bir maske olarak kullanılabileceği bir "öz-çeviri" örneği üzerinden ele alınacaktır. Bu bağlamda yazar/çevirmenin dilin ardına sığınma eğiliminin altında yatan olası sebepler ve bu sebeplerin kültürel, sosyal ve psikolojik etkileri yazar/çevirmen ve çevirmenin kendilerini ifade etme biçimlerini nasıl etkilediği çeviribilim çerçevesinde ele alınacak, dilin her iki çeviri sürecinde uğradığı değişimler ve bu değişimlerin olası nedenleri tespit edilecektir. Çalışmada Hans J. Vermeer'in her çeviri eyleminin bir amacı olduğunu ve her çevirinin amacının kendi gerekliliklerine özgü olduğu vurgusunu yaptığı Skopos kuramı üzerinden yazar/çevirmenin değişen yazma amacıyla beraber kendini çevirmesi bağlamında "öz-çeviri" kavramı temel alınarak çeviribilim odaklı bir inceleme yapılacak, bir ''öz-çeviri" olan Elif Batuman'ın kaleme aldığı The Idiot (2018) adlı kaynak metin ve metnin Hande Dönmez tarafından Türkçeye kazandırılan Budala (2023) adlı çevirisi karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilerek her iki çeviride uygulanan çevirmen kararları sonucunda kullanılan çeviri stratejileri tespit edilecek, bu doğrultuda dilin maske olarak nasıl kullanıldığı, çift dilli ve çift kültürlü olmanın yazar/çevirmene sağladığı imkânlar, dil-kültür ilişkisi ve bu ilişkinin çeviri metinlere yansımaları, çift dilli bir yazar/çevirmen olarak yazarın "öz-çeviri" yoluyla farklı bir kültürde kendine nasıl yeni bir benlik inşa edip var oluş kazandırdığı ve çeviri amaçları doğrultusunda kaynak ve erek metinde uygulanan çevirmen kararları örnekler üzerinden incelenerek çözümlenmeye çalışılacaktır.
Becoming a medical translator: Who are the experts?
As time goes by, more and more health tourists from different countries over the world have come to Turkey to get more affordable health care or receive better medical treatment. As the number of medical tourists has been increasing in the recent years with marketing activities by the medical tourism sector, the demand for medical translation is also gradually increasing. Meanwhile, it is the reality today that time pressure exists in every aspect of business world. Hence, in order to compete with the time needed to provide adequate translation services to the increasingly globalized business as medical tourism, translation industry demands the competent translators who can meet the needs of the translation sector. In this regard, at one side there is the increased demand for the speed in the delivery of translations and on the other side, as incompetently done medical translations can have an adverse effect on people's lives, most of the time, there is the requirement for quality in translation. Therefore, there is an issue to consider: who are the experts in writing good-quality medical translations within set time and cost: physicians? translators with/without medical background? physicians with translation background? or translators, specializing in medical translations? The aim of this thesis is to go a step further in this perspective of thinking and find out the answers of the following questions: "what does it take to become a medical translator and who are the experts?".
(Non-)/conformity in translation: Who (non-)/conforms to what, when, how and why?
With the paradigm shift that happened in translation in the '70s, many of the concepts in translation studies have been modified or altogether replaced. One of the concepts that has been introduced to the field is the concept of (non-)conformity. (Non-)Conformity, along with the other concepts, brought about new perspectives to the field and helped improve the field. Additionally, academics suggested that these concepts be used in translator training, and gradually academics and trainers around the world implemented the concepts in their courses. However, the theories and concepts have been criticized from different angles by different scholars. Although the critiques touch upon certain valid points, they don't offer any implications as to how the theories and the concepts should be further modified. This dissertation analyzes the translation theories in terms of (non-)conformity, presents the criticism directed towards those theories, and in light of certain case studies, questions the validity of both the theories and the criticism. As a result, the dissertation offers certain suggestions into how the concept may be applied to translator training.
Terminology standards as a tool in the translation process of a technical text
Any translator who is involved in a translation project of a technical text may face terminological difficulties and need to act as a terminologist during the process. Translators who assume the role of a terminologist should have knowledge about terminology studies and terms to deal with these challenges. In this case, the most reliable resources for translators to acquire the necessary information are terminology standards. Standards help translators to work more efficiently and professionally. The objective of this study is to examine terms and term formation in detail according to terminology standards, and to seek solutions for the problems faced in the process of technical translations. Keywords: translator, technical text, term, terminology standards.
Dis/re-appearance of illusion: The quest for an ontology of translation studies
Following the cultural turn in translation studies, postcolonial studies on translation originating from literary studies have stressed the "in-betweenness" of translation and the translator. Yet, when problematized from a descriptive stance translations positioned to be "in-between" in the target system in view to the studies on cultural translation reveal a number of underlying questions. First of all, studies on postcolonial translations require a metaanalysis from the descriptive paradigm. The literature review on the subject demonstrates a lack of precise theoretical framework between translation analysis, theory and criticism. Secondly, the cultural translation dilemma concerning the semi-ethnographic literary works, the subject topic of which is culture itself, discloses the relationship between textless backtranslations and the concepts of pseudo- and assumed translations, in Gideon Toury's terminology. Thus, this thesis also looks for an answer regarding how assumed translations can be descriptively analyzed. The corpus includes translations of works whose authenticity is contested. Translations of A Turkish Woman's European Impressions and An Englishwoman in A Turkish Harem as examples of cultural translations returning to their original source system is analyzed with a strict eye on descriptivism. Upon this analysis the nature of "illusion" in translation studies is discussed. This discussion concludes with the fundamental enigma of an ontology of translation studies.
Analysis of an immigrant novel and its Turkish translation from the standpoint of translation studies
Translation has always been a part of cultural and social change and it has sometimes been seen as a tool of oppression and sometimes one that liberates the voice of others, those who are overlooked and underrated by dominant cultures. Those living in minority or immigrant groups have used language as a representation of their experiences and tried to be understood and accepted. One of the most representative examples of such an endeavor is included in this dissertation as a case study. It is a bilingual novel by Junot Diaz titled The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao that won the Pulitzer Award in 2008. The translation of this novel is by Püren Özgüren with the title of Oscar Wao'nun Tuhaf Kısa Yaşamı published in 2009. The source text uses code-switching and bilingualism as strategy to represent the complex and exotic nature of immigrant experience. The source and the target text are analyzed and described in this dissertation under the light of cultural perspective in translation studies and the term cultural translation.
Analysis of two translations in different literary genres of the play The Night of The Iguana by Tennessee Williams
Theatre translation has been a controversial issue among the academics of Translation Studies and the people who have been engaged in theatre. The characteristics of theatre texts like having non-verbal elements and being written to be staged cause some problems for the translators. In a translation process, in order to come up with a solution for those problems, different strategies and thoughts on how to translate theatre texts have been presented by many different academics. Among those strategies, two opposite ones which are translating for the page and translating for the stage come into prominence. By taking a generalization that concerns these two strategies into consideration, this thesis analyzes the two different Turkish translation of the play The Night of the Iguana by Tennessee Williams. While one of the target texts is İguananın Gecesi (1990) translated by Ülker İnce as a play, the other one is Iguana Gecesi (1966) translated by Canset Unan as a novel, which makes it an intergenre translation. Since there is a difference in the literary genres of the two target texts, an in-depth research has been done to find out whether there is a novel version of the source text, but nothing could be found. Considering this difference in literary genres of the target texts, the source text and the translations of it are analyzed in the light of Skopos Theory by Hans J. Vermeer.
Self-translation or translation: A false dichotomy
Traditional definitions of self-translation claim that a self-translated text is essentially a second original, unlike other forms of translation. Such a perspective also pre-supposes that author's authority directly transfers to self-translated texts, assuming that the author does not function as a translator. In addition to this, current research on self-translation focuses on power dynamics taking place in self-translation, not on target texts. Therefore, the present thesis aims at the present thesis will use Erendiz Atasü's Dağın Öteki Yüzü (1995) and its self-translation The Other Side of the Mountain (2000) as an example case to show that there might be self-translation cases that are incongruent with the assumptions of the aforementioned traditional perspectives. Also, the example case will be studied with a perspective that puts the target text in the center, unlike traditional studies on self-translation. In order to challenge the assumption that there is a direct authority transfer from the source text into the target text in self-translation, Theo Hermans' and Giuliana Schiavi's methodology on translator's voice will be used. Then, a comparative study of the source and target texts will be carried out, where Translation universals will be revealed, demonstrating that the present self-translation shows the typical features of translations carried out by non-authorial translators. By determining the differences between the voices in the texts and detecting translation universals, it will be argued that studying self-translations merely as translations would be more accurate besides putting the author in the position of a translator as cultural agent.
Creating a statistical based automotive oriented machine translation engine
This thesis is intended to be a source showing the machine translation outputs in the English - Turkish language pair for translation studies students, candidate translators, translators, and those who wish to obtain basic knowledge of machine translation. Within the scope of the thesis, the development of the automotive-oriented statistical-based machine translation engine, the steps of creating the engine and the problems that may be encountered while creating the engine are explained. Those who want to see how the Statistical Machine Translation engine works in the English - Turkish language pair will be able to find both information and illustrations regarding the stages of the process. This study which covers the steps of creating the Statistical Machine Translation engine is expected to be a useful resource for students who are concerned about finding jobs in the future. Since the data used in the thesis is limited, it is not intended to obtain high quality machine translation output.
Turkish issues in video game, web and mobile application localizations
Use of the Internet as a means of global communication gradually became widespread in the '90s. New terms have been introduced to translation industry such as Globalization (G11N), Internationalization (i18N), and Localization (L10N) with the global impact of the Internet. As to the translation industry in Turkey, the heavy translation demand of international companies wishing to get into Turkish market has confronted translation companies and translators with new challenges and problems. In this regard, this thesis aims at identifying common Turkish web, mobile application, and game localization problems and proposing solutions for them. Within the scope of the thesis, differences between localization and translation tools, the impact of transcreation on localization, and the reasons underlying web, mobile application, and game localizations problems are explored. Findings cover frequently visited websites, website applications, mobile applications and their help and support pages, PC games, console games (PlayStation and Xbox), online and mobile games. The solutions provided in the thesis are expected to be a useful resource for students of Translation and Interpreting Studies departments, prospective translators, and those who wish to obtain basic knowledge about localization in Turkey.
Customizing a banking and finance focused NMT System: An empirical study measuring the effect of controlled language
The industry of translation is developing day by day with technological innovations. These technological innovations make processes easier for the stakeholders of translation service who form the link of the translation service chain, including translators, editors, project managers and people who need translation services. Neural machine translation (NMT) is one of the most up-to-date innovations in the translation industry and NMT has become one of the milestones reshaping the translation industry. The task of NMT system development is mostly left to computer engineers and software experts. Translators often avoid attempts to improve these systems. The first aim of this study is to create an NMT system for banking and finance texts by using the advantage of today's technologies as a translator. In the second part of the study, it has been investigated whether the Controlled Language rules, which have been very popular in recent years, are effective in improving the quality of translations made in NMT system.
A descriptive research on the Turkish translations of Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation
The aim of this thesis is to examine the three Turkish translations of the source text (ST) titled Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation written by Lord Kinross: the first target text (TT1), in serialized form in 1965 the second target text (TT2) in full form in 1966 and the third target text (TT3) in reprint form in 1988. Within a descriptive theoretical framework, selected examples from the three translations related to "dictatorship", "religion" and the "Turkish political scene" have been analyzed with a focus on the dynamics of the equivalence relationships between the source text and the three translations and on the impact of the historical, socio-cultural, and political context on the translations. The results of the analysis of the translations of the examples concerning the use of the term "dictatorship" have shown that the equivalence relationship between ST and TT1 is closer to the acceptability pole while the equivalence relationship between ST and TT2 and TT3 is closer to the adequacy pole. In terms of the second category which is related to the use of the term "religion", an equivalence relationship closer to the acceptability pole exists between ST and TT1 while the equivalence relationship between ST and TT2 is situated in the middle of the adequacy and acceptability poles. The equivalence relationship between ST and TT3, on the other hand, is situated also in the middle of the two poles, but closer to the acceptability pole compared to TT2. The results of the analysis concerning the examples related to the "Turkish political scene" as the third category have shown that an equivalence relationship closer to the acceptability pole exists between ST and TT1 while an equivalence relationship closer to adequacy exists between ST and TT2 and TT3. However, these results do not suggest a binary opposition between the two poles and that they are obtained only for the analysis of selected examples of the three categories. Key Words Translation Norms, Adequacy, Acceptibility, Equivalence, Serialization, Reprint
Portrayals of love and lovers in translations of popular songs: Turkish popular music's translation into / from English and Arabic
This thesis investigates portrayals of love and lovers in Turkish popular music's translation from/into English and Arabic. With the aim of finding answers to the questions of what are the similarities and/or differences between the source songs and target songs in terms of their portrayals of love and lovers, what translational strategies are used in song translations, and how can certain aspects regarding portrayals of love and lovers be categorized, the thesis presents a descriptive and comparative analysis of the selected source and target songs within a theoretical framework consisting of the concepts of skopos (Vermeer 1996), translation norms (Toury 1995) and domestication-foreignization (Venuti 2008). Analysis of the songs under investigation reveals that the similarities and/or differences between the source and target songs concerning the portrayals of love and lovers are resorted to in accordance with their translators' goals, i.e., skopoi. One possible skopos for all target songs analyzed in the present thesis might be argued to be the goal of making the final products successful and popular. Thus, it can be argued that the translators do not only translate lyrics but also import the success and popularity potential of the source songs. Yet, the results of the analysis also display that the semantical content of the source songs has not been always rendered as closely as possible in the target songs. Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in matricial or textual-linguistic norms might be done in order to conform to the aesthetic, ideological, or cultural expectancies of the target audiences, while the similarities to the source songs can be related to the intention of serving new types of genres or ideas and importing their features to the target audience. On the basis of the findings of the analysis of the songs, the thesis also suggests a categorization for analysis of portrayals in song translations which consists of six categories that are point of view, focus, tone, cultural changes, writing style, and aesthetics. The suggested categorization, however, does not imply dichotomies as a translator may choose to apply multiple strategies at different parts of the target song lyrics that may be described with all or some of the categories.
A descriptive and comparative study on the Turkish translations of Jean Webster's Daddy-Long-Legs
Around the world as well as in Turkey various studies are being conducted in the field of children's literature. There have been numerous discussions concerning the definition, types, functions and addressees of children's literature besides the roles played by adult readers, writers and translators. Thanks to its unique characteristics such as addressing to more than one audience, adapting contexts in line with the cultures, the relations of texts and images along with manipulations with ideological intentions, children's literature paves the way for countless studies on translated texts in the field. With the advantage of these features, a descriptive and comparative study has been carried out on the chosen Turkish translations, Örümcek Dede and Uzun Bacaklı Baba, of a renowned novel Daddy-Long-Legs, written by Jean Webster in 1912. With the aim of determining the equivalence relationship between Daddy-Long-Legs and the aforesaid translations to the acceptability and adequacy poles, norms and their relations in translation put forward by Gideon Toury (2012) constitute the framework of this study while the features that clarify the systemic constraints on translated texts put forward by Zohar Shavit (1986) constitute the focal point of this study. As a result, it can be asserted that the equivalence relationship between Örümcek Dede and Daddy-Long-Legs is close to the acceptability pole; the equivalence relationship between Uzun Bacaklı Baba and Daddy-Long-Legs is close to the adequacy pole. Nevertheless, the results of the analysis are valid for the chosen examples and aforesaid poles are not contrary. Besides, it can be claimed that the principles of systemic affiliation have been applied for Örümcek Dede and it is exposed to manipulation.
A descriptive approach to (im)possibility of poetry translation: A case study on pseudotranslation
Whether poetry translation is possible or not has been debated for centuries, and the poetry translation has been mostly seen as problematic. When the relevant literature is reviewed it has been observed that source oriented and prescriptive approach in translation theories towards the translation phenomena is at the roof of this problem, and the theories in translation has not found a solution to this problem. However, the changes that took place in the history of the translation in 1970s within the new paradigm are discussed as a turning point for approaching the translation phenomena. The changes that took place in translation reveal that it is possible to overcome the problems that are seen as underlying reasons for the impossibility of poetry translation. Studies on pseudotranslation as an outcome notion of the changes that occurred within the framework of the new paradigm shed light on the scope of descriptive translation studies. Therefore, in the case study part of the thesis, Kabareden Emekli Bir ''Kızkardeş'' that is offered as a translation of a poetry book, despite being an indigenous work, is analyzed in the light of descriptive translation studies. As a result, this thesis demonstrates that the non-existence of the corresponding source text, which is seen as the starting point of the untranslatability of poetry, cannot prevent descriptive studies; therefore, the problem of untranslatability in poetry can be overcome in the light of descriptive studies.
A study on customized neural machine translation exemplified by IB MYP Summative Assessment criteria
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a recent research area in translation industry. Various studies are being conducted on the use of NMT in different fields of study. One of these fields is education. Education is an expanding area with high volumes of data. In this context, the International Baccalaureate (IB) is one of the internationally accepted educational programmes. Great volumes of translation needs are required to be met continuously in the IB programme. Therefore, customized NMT technology is used to provide a solution to high and constant translation needs of the IB in this thesis. The results obtained from the customized NMT system are compared with those of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The findings are analyzed within the scope of Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) and BLEU Score metric system. Finally, a conclusion is drawn in line with the comparisons and analyses.
Extending the boundaries in descriptive translation analysis: A text mining approach
The notion of 'translational norms' was introduced by Gideon Toury in the late 1970s within Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). The aim was to describe and explain translations to make generalizations regarding translational behavior. Toury deems examination of everything "untenable" due to human limitation. In this thesis, I argue that text mining can facilitate exhaustive analysis on 'operational norms.' Text mining is the automated analysis of text data to extract and discover new information. For the purpose of this research, a customized tool was designed by a software developer. In order to test the effectiveness of the software versus human effort, the corpus of a master's thesis was taken as a reference point to compare the results. The corpus underwent a preparation stage for achieving optimal results. After processing the corpus, operational norms were extracted to be interpreted. Consequently, the study provides results that cannot be obtained by sole human effort and enables researchers to gain further insights about the analyzed translations. This research therefore has a potential for making notable contribution to DTS. Further efforts are needed to improve the tool and verify its viability for different text types to ensure such contribution.
Çocuk edebiyatında dini ve kültürel öğelerin çevirisi: Kısasu'n Nebiyyîn li'l-Etfâl örneği
Bu çalışmada genel hatlarıyla çocuk edebiyatı, çocuk edebiyatının çevirisi, çeviri esnasında kullanılan strateji ve kuramlar, çocuk edebiyatında dini ve kültürel öğelerin çevirisi konularına değinilmiş ve örnek metin olarak Ebu'l-Hasan Ali en-Nedvi'nin Kısasu'n Nebiyyîn li'l-Etfâl isimli eseri seçilerek Şerafettin Şenaslan'ın Türkçeye yaptığı çeviriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma esnasında din, dil ve kültür açısından incelemeler yapılmış, dini ve kültürel öğelerin çevirisi ve mahiyeti üzerinde durulmuştur. Söz konusu tez çalışmasının amacı, çocuk edebiyatında dini ve kültürel öğelerin nasıl çevrildiğini ve hedef kitleye uygunluğunu, örnek metin üzerinde sorgulamak ve ortaya koymaktır. Bunu yaparken çeviri kuram ve stratejilerinden yararlanılmış, çeviri esere eleştirel bakış açısıyla yaklaşılarak çeviri önerilerinde bulunulmuştur.
Yazko Çeviri dergisi üzerine bir inceleme
Ulusal çeviri tarihimizde çeviri, iletişimi sağlamaktan çok daha fazlası olmuştur. Tanzimat döneminden (1839-1876) itibaren gerçekleştirilen çeviri hareketleri hem toplumsal hem düşünsel hem de yazınsal birçok alanda çağdaşlaşma hareketleri kapsamında bir araç konumundadır. Cumhuriyet döneminde ise bu çeviri hareketlerinin önderliğini, dönemin Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hasan Ali Yücel'in katkılarıyla Tercüme dergisinin (1940-1966) üstlendiği söylenebilir. Çevirileri düzenli ve sistemli bir şekilde yürütülen Tercüme dergisi, ulusal çeviri tarihimizde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bugüne kadar birçok çalışmaya konu olmuş Tercüme dergisinden sıklıkla bahsedilirken, ilkelerini Tercüme dergisine dayandıran Yazko Çeviri dergisi ile ilgili detaylı bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Tercüme ve Bağlam dergilerinden sonra çeviri araştırmalarına yer veren üçüncü dergi olması sebebiyle de ulusal çeviri tarihimizde önemli bir yere sahip olan Yazko Çeviri, yayınlandığı dönemdeki zor koşullara rağmen kooperatifin çabalarıyla yaklaşık 3 yıl yayın hayatına devam etmiştir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Yazko Çeviri dergisinin yayın politikası incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler temel alınarak Yazko Çeviri dergisinin ulusal çeviri tarihimizdeki yeri ve önemi saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada çağdaşlaşma hareketleri kapsamında ulusal çeviri tarihimiz ve derginin ilgili dönemlerde Türkiye'nin koşulları özetle ele alındıktan sonra Yazko Çeviri dergisinin tarihsel gelişimi anlatılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda Yazko Çeviri dergisinin giriş yazıları, dergide yayınlanan eserler, özel bölümler, uygulama ve bilim olmak üzere çeviriye ilişkin tüm içerikler, dil ve eleştiri yazıları anlatılmış ve yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmanın, çeviri dergileri bağlamında ulusal çeviri tarihindeki önemli bir boşluğu gidermesi ve çeviri tarihi, çeviri sosyolojisi gibi araştırma alanlarına yeni kapılar açması amaçlanmıştır.
Turkey's reading (R)evolution a study on books, readers and translation: 1840-1940
This study explores the pioneering role of translation in the reading revolution the Ottoman-Turkish society went through in the period between 1840 and 1940. The rapid popularization of the novel shortly following its entry into Turkey via translation and the impetus this provided for the formation of a readership are the main reasons for choosing novels as the case in point. By attempting to discover what the readers in the period 1840 and 1940 were reading and how they could have selected, viewed and read, this study is designed to answer specific questions on readers and their reading habits based on a tripartite research structure consisting of production, marketing and consumption phases. For the production phase, a catalogue of translated and indigenous novels published in 1840 and 1940 is established. The bibliographical analysis reveals that a high proportion (46%) of the novels consisted of translated titles. This predominance is the first striking evidence of the formative role of translation in the reading revolution. The advertisements published in catalogues, newspapers and journals are studied as an intermediary between production and consumption phases. They serve as primary sources to reflect the historical context and reveal the characteristics of the strategies that were used while marketing translated and indigenous titles both synchronically and diachronically. The high frequency of the advertisements for translated titles, moreover, contributes to the main argument of the dissertation, i.e. the popularity of the translations among the readers. The consumption phase is studied through readers? letters, biographical accounts and visual representations. These materials are important to illustrate readers? active involvement in the process and how their participation shaped and was shaped by the production and marketing phases.
The production and reception of titles for Hollywood film imports in Turkey
Pelin Doğan, ?Production and Reception of Titles for Hollywood Film Imports in Turkey?This study explores the production and reception of titles for imported films in Turkey. In Turkey, a large number of imported films, particularly Hollywood imports, are screened in cinemas. When these films are released, they are shown with subtitles or dubbed, and most of the time their titles are translated. There are also times when titles are left untranslated and occasions when the original title is replaced with something to which it bears no semantic or formal likeness. There is also a lack of research on the process that lies behind the ?translation? of these titles and the procedures involved in this process. Part of the aim of this thesis, therefore, is to find out what those procedures are and present them to readers. On the audience side of matters, there seems to be some dissatisfaction with the titles produced. This would seem to be a problem, as the films and film titles are produced in order to attract audiences to the cinema. Therefore, it is important to understand why audiences frequently respond to these titles in a negative way. In order to do this, the study draws on audience research, as well as questionnaires and interviews conducted among people working in film distribution companies in Turkey. Benefiting from the categories of translation procedures suggested by previous translation scholars, it analyses the procedures used for imported film titles among the top-hundred films released in 2010 and then combines the findings from this analysis with the results of audience questionnaires in order to gauge the extent to which distributors meet audience expectations. The study suggests that distributors are in fact aware of their target audience and that target audiences respond to the titles in the way they are expected to do. However, when it comes to commenting on titles as translations, film-lovers are swayed by traditional binary oppositions between ?good? (i.e. ?faithful?) versus ?bad? (i.e. ?unfaithful?) translation and express negative attitudes towards translated titles that might be seen as functional and target-culture oriented.
The canonization and popularization of realism in Turkish literary discourse through translation: A conceptual- historical approach
This dissertation argues that approaching realism as a concept rather than a literary school or movement yields better results in terms of evaluating its impact on Turkish literature and the shaping of translation activities in the Republican Period. Linking Conceptual History, Polysystem Theory, and Critical Discourse Analysis, this study delves into the transfer of realism, its discursive relations, and its links with the systems with which it was associated, such as literature, both indigenous and translated, and politics. Tracing the journey of realism from the Tanzimat Period to the Republican Period, this study dwells specifically on the discourse seen in Varlık, one of the most important literary journals of the Republican Period, between the years 1933-1946. It demonstrates how, having been re-contextualized with reference to the significant components of the official ideology, a process which begins with its transfer into Turkish literature as a literary school in the Tanzimat Period, realism becomes a bridge concept linking the official ideology to literature and from there, the official ideology to the reading public. It reveals that the process of creating a national literature in the early Republican Period resulted not only in the canonization of realism in fiction but also in the popularization of the same. The latter was achieved by means of the re-contextualization of certain works of Western literature, which are called bestsellers in this study, whereby certain aspects of such works, which agreed with the conceptualization of realism at the time, were purposefully highlighted. It argues that the popularization of realism was both a trigger and a result of the process which turned realism into a pivotal concept in the literary field, furthermore expanding its realm beyond that of a mere literary school, as it had been in the Tanzimat Period.
Looking through translation: The importation of Chick Lit in Turkey via translations and /or rewritings
This study explores the role that translation has played in the introduction and importation of chick lit as a literary genre in the Turkish literary system. The study acknowledges chick lit as a literary genre and presents the characteristics of chick lit as well as its position within the feminist history and its relation with women's literature in the past. So as to investigate the role of Turkish translations of chick lit novels in introducing the genre into the Turkish literary polysystem, the translated chick lit novels in Turkey are descriptively examined year by year and notes are made regarding the publishing houses. The increase and decrease in the number of translated chick lit novels in years are observed and explained with respect to the marketing strategies of publishing houses and the appearance of the attempts for producing the first Turkish chick lit novel. Through the textual and paratextual analysis of the translations of Sophie Kinsella's Shopaholic series and Ekin Atalar's Selindrella series, the study reveals the similarities between the two and considers the latter as a "rewriting" of the former. In addition, the study presents a textual and paratextual analysis of Kocan Kadar Konuş by Şebnem Burcuoğlu to demonstrate that this book is the first example of "full import" of chick lit in Turkey.
Çeviri ve ideoloji: Kürtçe Mesnevi Mem û Zin'in Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkçe çevirilerinin yan metin incelemesi
Mem û Zin, the masterpiece of the seventeenth-century Kurdish poet Ehmedê Xanî, was translated into Turkish in both the Ottoman and Republican periods. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the paratexts accompanying the Turkish translations of Mem û Zin that were produced from Kurdish source-texts in the Republican period, so as to examine the impact that ideology can have on translation. Translations of Mem û Zin in much of the Republican period encountered censorship and repression. However, the same text was translated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, a representative of the state, in 2010, thus suggesting the strong relationship between ideology, politics and translation. To examine this relationship, the thesis retrospects the Kurdish issue in Turkey in its various linguistic, social, academic and literary dimensions. After that, the theoretical framework is presented and, in particular, the salience of Lefevere's concept of rewriting is emphasized. As for the methodology, paratextual analysis and critical discourse analysis are deployed in an attempt to reveal the ideological motives behind the translations. With these methodological tools, I analyze the book covers and prefaces of Mehmet Emin Bozarslan's translation (1968, 1975 and 1990), Namık Açıkgöz's translation (2010) and Kadri Yıldırım's translation (2010) and book-length translation criticism (2011). The thesis concludes that the Turkish adventure of Mem û Zin offers a striking case of the link between ideology and translation, while analysis of the paratexts for various Kurdish-Turkish translations demonstrates the role that paratexts can play in creating new images of authors and works.
Hollywood kaynaklı yerel modernitenin çeviribilimsel araştırılması alanı olarak dergi: Türkçe film dergisi yıldız (1938–1954)
Contemporary research in translation studies is marked by a focus on textual production in book form at the expense of other publishing genres. The present study challenges this focus and centers on a 'marginal' genre: the periodical. Rather than considering the periodical as container of discrete elements and construing translation and translators within it as detached from the surrounding context, the study sets out to introduce a broader perspective on the connections of translation and the periodical. Since one of the major aims of the study is to draw attention to the relevance of periodicals to translation studies research, it starts off by proposing concepts and methodological tools for analyzing the links between translation and the periodical. It appears that translation studies and periodical studies as young and developing disciplines have much to offer each other. The investigation of the film fan magazine, Yıldız [Star] adds further layers to the research and allows for an unusual multidisciplinary cross-fertilization. The findings of the study suggest that without a comprehensive perspective on the translational features of the magazine, it is impossible to arrive at a thorough understanding of it. Revealing that translation is linked to Yıldız in a number of different ways, the study points out the key role extrafilmic translation practices played in the reception of modernity that came along with classical Hollywood films and places Yıldız within a broad culture planning framework.
Lives as translation, lives in translation: Biographers and translators in search of a total borges
This study portrays translation and biography as analogous mediums of transcreation that confront similar constraints while constructing a representation of a selected source for a certain group of receivers. As points of intersection, it underlines: 1) the questionable authority of the rewriters; 2) the intertextuality of the products; 3) the 'fluency/vividness' of the narratives and the '(in)visibility' of the producers (Venuti, 1998; 1994); 4) the concern of image-making through 'refraction' (Lefevere, 1992; 2000); 5) the motive of transparency. The English and Spanish language biographies of the Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges and their translations into Turkish constitute the corpus of my two-layer setting. In the first context, heading from the above-mentioned points of intersection, I survey the source biographies as the 'retranslations' of the author's life story, with a particular focus on the 'competition' among them (Venuti, 2004). Then I embark on two of these 'alternative translations' of Borges' life-story pursuing a macro-to-micro focus; that is, I first explore the agency and publishing contexts of the biographies, then examine their fluency, reliability, accuracy, and their producer's (in)visibility. The intertextuality and multilingualism of the works are also discussed in line with these matters. Following the analysis of the biographies as translation, the second frame investigates the journey of these works in translation. Pursuing the same macro-to-micro method, I trace how, under comparable constraints brought by rewriting a source, Turkish translators transfer (and/or reproduce) the image of the foreign constructed by the biographers.
Functional medicine in Turkish: The making of a culture repertoire through translation agency and health activism
The relationship between translation and health extends beyond simply translating health-related texts or community interpreting. As health services increasingly focus on patient-centered care, which emphasizes patient prioritization, responsibility, and empowerment, the significance of this relationship grows. An example that reflects this shift from a disease-centered to a patient-centered model in medicine over the years is functional medicine, a holistic approach developed in the 1990s in America. Functional medicine seeks to identify and address the root causes of diseases, focusing on systemic solutions rather than merely treating symptoms. This study explores how the functional medicine approach, with its emphasis on holistic patient care and empowerment, has been introduced into and disseminates across Türkiye through translation. It examines how functional medicine has been communicated and evolved through various channels such as books, newspapers, social media, and conferences featuring international doctors. Furthermore, the study involves interviews with two agents of translation in the Turkish functional medicine community: a health activist and a medical doctor who both engage in volunteer translation and interpreting in this field. By analyzing these interviews, as well as examples of translations and interpretations shared on social media and in public meetings, this research aims to illuminate the role of translation in the Turkish health context. It seeks to demonstrate how translation contributes to patient empowerment, health activism, and health literacy in Türkiye.
Activist translation in Turkish digitosphere: Transforming translation process(es) and translator role(s)
This dissertation investigates the functions and dynamics of translation and translators in activist knowledge accumulation and practice of activism by analysing some of the activist platforms in Turkish digitosphere, and the firsthand records of the digital activist translators from such platforms where activist translation plays a pivotal role in causing potential sociocultural and sociopolitical changes through textual transformations and translators' evolving forms of engagement. These activist platforms, activist translators, and activist translation practice have, over time, experienced a restructuring process with the technological developments created by the globalization movement and the increased intercultural interaction of activist struggles with the digital turn in the 2000s. Furthermore, this research has also indicated that themes of activism other than feminism ― and queer to a limited extent ―, and the application of activist translation in today's ever-digitalizing environments have been ignored and underproblematized in terms of activist translation and its engagement with such a transformative knowledge transfer, textual production, circulation, and reception. Within this scope, this dissertation aims to fill the existing gap regarding the underproblematized interaction among translation, activism, and digitality in Turkish context. Having critically and closely analysed the interventions and modifications the digital activist translators made on these platforms, this dissertation sets forth that activist translators challenge and disrupt hegemonic public narratives through peculiar textual production and translation strategies, forms of engagement, peculiar ethical justifications, and challenges.
Translation as cultural transfer: The photonovel magazine Yelpaze (1952-1967) and its multimodal discourse
This dissertation examines the emergence of a popular genre (the photonovel) and a popular magazine model (photonovel magazine) in the Turkish context as a case of cultural transfer. To this end, this study concentrates on Yelpaze, a pioneer photonovel magazine in Türkiye, and explores transfer from three perspectives. The first part, which combines the transfer approach in Translation Studies with the periodical codes from Periodical Studies, focuses on the transfer of a magazine model. Yelpaze translated the photonovels of Grand Hotel (an Italian photonovel magazine) and a comparative analysis of both magazines' periodical codes reveals the transfer relationship between them. The second part examines Yelpaze's multimodal discourse by combining multimodal approaches in Translation Studies with Multimodal Communication Theory. The discourse analyses include magazine covers borrowed from Grand Hotel, translated photonovels, and other translated or indigenous texts published in Yelpaze. The analyses reveal that Yelpaze promoted a certain lifestyle, mostly associated with American modernity, and that Yelpaze's multimodal discourse is shaped by the transfer process. The final part explores the agents active in the transfer process and discourse design in Yelpaze to reveal Yelpaze's common habitus. The analyses indicate that Yelpaze's common habitus is shaped by the features unique to the magazine type, and the agents of transfer. This dissertation, which is the first study to examine the transfer of photonovels into Türkiye, takes a magazine as an example of cultural transfer, and contributes to the existing literature on Translation Studies, Periodical Studies and Multimodality.
Recontextualizing Turkish Islamist discourse: Hilal (1958-1980) as a site of translational repertoire construction
This study explores the functioning of translation in the recontextualization process of Turkish Islamism between 1960 and 1980. I argue that translation functioned as a crucial medium for the resurgence of Islamism in the early 1960s along with other decisive surrounding trajectories, which I propose to contextualize as an attempt to construct a domestic repertoire via importing key Islamic texts from around the world. The corpus of the study is a representative Islamist periodical Hilal, standing out with its remarkable dependence on translation. The analysis portrays a bi-faceted text- and agent-oriented methodology. The examination of the corpus is not limited to tercüme-çeviri [translation proper] and includes other distinctive translational text production practices such as hulâsa [summary], iktibas [borrowing], sadeleştirme [purification], etc. with a particular focus on the nucleus of translatorial agency, the translators. Coalescing the principles of translation history and Periodical Studies, this dissertation aims at introducing an exemplary study for translational research that is motivated to track the translation-oriented evolution of a discursive practice like Islamism through a particular periodical. As a further contribution, breaking the hegemonic orientations of the field of Translation Studies with its dependence upon non-literary and non-Western sources of translation, this study proposes an alternative "supranational/intra-ummah translation paradigm" for forthcoming studies on the translational practices under Islamic settings.
Delayed for forty years: The journey of anayurt oteli from Turkish into English
This study aims to answer the question why Fred Stark's translation of Anayurt Oteli into English had to wait for 40 years to get published. I propose that approaching the question with Pierre Bourdieu's sociological conception of the field of cultural production will yield the answer I seek. I argue that a contrastive sociological study that analyzes the contexts and paratexts surrounding the novel and the actual texts reveals how agents form discourse on two levels: the textual and the meta-discursive. On the textual level, I argue that in translation Anayurt Oteli is (re-)contextualized in the American literary system, demonstrating the Turkish individual torn in between the East and the West. On the latter level, I claim that the meta-discourse on translation still perpetuates Lawrence Venuti's (2004) postulates of fluency and invisibility. I observe that de-/re-contextualization, fluency and invisibility are dictates of a commercialized book market. I maintain that in the near future, as modes of all production change due to the ecological crisis that the earlier few centuries' greed for economic growth has resulted in, our expectations from cultural production will also shift towards practices of sustainable, subjective and intimate nature. I argue that with such a change, our understanding of the (in)visibility of the translators and ways to foreground their presence will have to follow suit. Accordingly, I offer an alternative, ecological model that foregrounds the unwritten, human aspects of the profession. I offer the profile of Fred Stark as an example to this new ecological understanding.
Turkish-English subtitling strategies in Turkey: The case of the 2014 Istanbul Film Festival
This thesis deals with the strategies adopted by the translators who provide English-language subtitles for Turkish movies at the Istanbul Film Festival. The target audience of the English subtitles consists of both people within the sector (directors, festival organizers etc.) and foreign people living in or visiting Turkey. This non-homogenous target audience makes the translation decision process more difficult. The study analyses 21 Turkish films translated by two Festival translators, a corpus which varies in terms of genre, content, and language use. It looks at the translators' treatment of certain translation crisis points and of longer samples. This translation analysis is supplemented by the findings from questionnaires answered by the translators and interviews with the ex- and current subtitle coordinator and translators of the film festival. This exploratory research presents data on the Festival and on translation practices there, which have not been dealt with systematically before. The translation strategies are explained and categorized with the help of Pedersen's taxonomy of strategies and his notion of parameters (2005). The results are interpreted in terms of translational norms and the binary opposition between foreignization and domestication. It emerges that the translators opt for both source- (foreignization) and target-oriented (domestication) strategies. Translators seek more pragmatic solutions due to the particular requirements of subtitling. Translation decisions can be said to reflect a combination of norms and idiosyncrasies. The tendency towards domestication (target-oriented decisions) is more dominant, which makes the subtitles more fluent and easier for the target audience to follow.
Commercial translation and professional translation practitioners: A critical analysis
This thesis investigates how current technological advances affect commercial translation and the working conditions of professional translation practitioners in the era of cognitive capitalism. Based on previous research, it can be deduced that the technological transformation of the language industry to date has (i) led to indirect production networks, (ii) created one-sided intellectual property practices, (iii) devalued translator's skills and outputs. My primary conclusion is that as long as the aforementioned outcomes of previous technological developments prevail, current technological developments will not improve the role and position of professional translation practitioners. Instead, they will be rearranged and reorganized in space and time in accordance with the production methods and working conditions of cognitive capitalism. In order to provide a critical analysis, I utilized (i) Cognitive Capitalism Theory, (ii) the industry reports by TAUS (iii) research papers on digital platforms by ILO and (iv) a survey conducted with 70 professional translation practitioners residing in Turkey. Drawing on theoretical exploration, this study introduces the "uberization of translation" as one of the most recent manifestations of the cognitive capitalism era, and the field research suggests that engaging in such work exposes professional translation practitioners to risks related to employment status, adequate income, work-life balance, social protections, free agency, bargaining power, dependence on platform, fair allocation of risks and rewards, and data collection, protection and privacy.
Wallace's ghosts and Capote's voices: An interdisciplinary approach to style-aware reading in literary translation
In this thesis, I draw upon the theoretical insights from 'contextualized' Stylistics and the methods of Literary Stylistics, as adapted to Translation Studies by Jean Boase-Beier's stylistic approach to literary translation and Kirsten Malmkjær's 'translational stylistics', and investigate the implications of a 'style-aware approach' to reading in literary translation. Within the frameworks provided by Boase-Beier and Malmkjær, I present a two-part, process-oriented study, revolving around the concept of 'mind style', which I understand as the textual choices of the writer giving access to a mental state embedded within the text. In the first part, I discuss how the style-aware approach affects the reading phase of the process of translation. I conduct a translational stylistic analysis of "Incarnations of Burned Children" by David Foster Wallace, aimed specifically for translation into Turkish. The analysis indicates how Wallace employs a 'ghost-narrator' in his story and deals with 'self-centeredness'. In the second part of my study, I focus on how the style-aware approach may affect the way we read translated literature. I explore Ülker İnce's stylistic strategies in Başka Sesler, Başka Odalar and how she recreates Truman Capote's style in Other Voices, Other Rooms. I claim that İnce's translation focuses on recreating Capote's experimental language while removing the contexts of community and gender. The thesis promotes a 'contextualized', reader-inclusive approach to literary style, and argues that it can be a useful tool in strategy building in the process of translation and provide the translator with theoretical and methodological grounding to support her choices.
Queer translation of non-literary texts as activism in Turkey
This dissertation explores the role of translation and translators in queer scholarship and activism in Turkey through analysis of the translated non-literary queer texts, terminological discussions in Kaos GL magazine (1994-2022), and the first-hand accounts of the activist translators from Kaos GL and Kaos Q+ academic journal (2014-2022). In the early 1990s, non-literary texts, particularly translations, served as a tool to bring people with non-normative sexualities together, motivate them for social change, transfer and produce knowledge on queer activism and politics. In the 2000s, translation of queer texts flourished, and this trend has been followed by several publishing houses, special issues of journals, and academia. However, this research has revealed that in this massive knowledge transfer, production, and circulation, the role of translation and translators is completely ignored not only in the activist context but also in queer politics. In this scope, the present study intends to fill the lacuna in the literature converging translation, queer and activism in the Turkish context. Critically analyzing the interventions in translations performed by the activist translators and the terminological and theoretical discussions, this dissertation asserts that the activist translators resist and subvert the hegemony of the public narrative oppressing, marginalizing, and discriminating people with nonnormative sexualities by constructing a counter-narrative. This dissertation also manifests the agency of translation in the formation of a non-literary queer literature in Turkish, which thereby led to the emergence of a conceptual narrative: Queer in academia.
Pivot subtitling: Reasons and results in the Korean-Turkish context
The present thesis undertakes a comprehensive investigation of pivot subtitling (i.e., indirect subtitle translation) within the Korean-Turkish context. Pivot subtitling is a natural outgrowth of the dynamic and globalizing mediascape, and it is essential to comprehend the function of pivot templates in the worldwide dissemination of local and non-English content in order to establish a robust theoretical foundation for the practice. As a vital component of current audiovisual translation (AVT) methods, pivot subtitling is not simply a response to purported shortages in qualified linguists capable of translating directly between particular language combinations, but rather a deliberate policy and strategy pursued by streaming services and their vendors to centralize multi-language subtitling workflows via a single mediating language. The study demonstrates that the Turkish subtitling of Korean content on Netflix is contingent upon indirect translation via pivot templates, and that Turkish subtitlers are disincentivized, if not outright prohibited, from deviating from pivot templates. The dissertation endeavors to explore a methodological and theoretical framework for the identification and investigation of pivot subtitles, with the ultimate objective of fostering future research in this field. Through a qualitative examination of the Turkish pivot subtitles of Parasite (Bong, 2019b), the study brings attention to the translational ramifications of repurposing commercially available subtitles as pivot templates for second translations. Overall, this thesis offers informed insights for industry stakeholders and translation scholars, and promotes the refinement of existing workflows through a theoretical framework.
Journalistic translation in Turkey: A critical approach to the concepts of "Transediting" and "Journalator"
This study explores the role of translation in foreign news reporting and journalistic practices from a Translation Studies perspective and aims at demonstrating to what extent the most frequently employed concepts of "transediting" (Stetting, 1989) and "journalator" (van Doorslaer, 2012) shed light on the journalistic translation practices in Turkey. This thesis consists of two parts that combine process-oriented and product-oriented research. The first part provides the findings of the interviews conducted with two groups of journalist-translators who have an educational background in Translation Studies and journalism-related fields respectively and work at the foreign news departments of the news agencies in Turkey. These findings evaluate the impact of educational background on whether the journalist-translators define their daily tasks as a translational activity. In the second part of this thesis, journalistic translation examples created by the interviewees are analyzed to determine the journalistic translation strategies exercised by the journalist-translators and discuss whether these findings overlap with the analyses of interview results. This thesis reveals the influence of educational background in Translation Studies on the description of journalist-translators in each group about their daily tasks and also examines whether the terms "transediting" and "journalator" are more explanatory than "translation" and "translators" in explaining journalistic translation processes and practices.
The rise of multimodality: Applying translation criticism to video games
This thesis explores how the video game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (W3WH) and its official translation alongside a fan translation into Turkish can be systematically analyzed by a translation criticism model. The study also focuses on how the recent rise of multimodality within Translation Studies can offer new perspectives in the way translation is viewed. Based on the literature on video game translation practices, this study carries out a discussion on the terminology used to describe such practices, analyzing the variety in the use of terms from the perspective of the expanding research area of Translation Studies. By investigating the two translations of the video game W3WH, the study aims to find out the differences in translation strategies between the official translation and the fan translation. The study also discusses the choice of fan translators to continue with their translation process despite the launch of the official translation. Moreover, the industry's reduced view of translation is challenged, in contrast with localization and transcreation. Within this frame, the study relies on a critical analysis that integrates the different modes and assets in the video game to draw a comprehensive picture of the gameplay experience. The thesis hopes to increase the cooperation between academia and industry by promoting a bidirectional learning process.
In the footsteps of a translator: A translation criticism of Manga Shakespeare
Translation is an action with a purpose and also a process. Actual translating is just a phase of this process. It is always situationally embedded and there are actors and factors shaping every translation. For this reason, without a consideration of its context, any judgment on a translation product will be incomplete. These are the main postulates reached with the critique of Kuru Gürültü, Turkish translation of Much Ado About Nothing from Manga Shakespeare Series, by Sabri Gürses, a prominent literary translator in Turkish translation scene. Building on the findings of this case study, the thesis tests the hypothesis that the quality of a translation is dependent on the quality of its process. Within this scope, translating is not conceived as the single activity of a translation process but rather as a part of a whole business. From the conception of the idea to the sales campaigns, publication of a translation is a process. Thus, translation is a decision making process itself and under the influence of other decisions taken by various agents at different stages. In this regard, this translation criticism model will uncover norms and functions of the translation using the tools of target-oriented descriptive and functionalist approaches in textual analysis. Textual, personal and business-related factors are all deemed relevant for the process and taken into consideration with an aim to discover possible motives and constraints behind translator's decisions and make an educated judgment about the quality of the product. Two more translations in the series, Macbeth and A Midsummer Night's Dream are also analyzed to compare with the findings. In this light, this thesis takes on a journey in the footsteps of a translator trying to understand what has shaped the translation and how and why it has come to be as it is.
Reflections of humanism on Orhan Burian's translation of Shakespeare's Hamlet
Until the second half of the twentieth century, translation has been regarded as a simple linguistic performance which results from substitution of words in the source text with their equivalences in the target text. For this reason, it has been studied as a part of certain social sciences like linguistics and literature. The increasing studies and practice in the field proved that translation activity was a more complex phenomenon which involved participation of other disciplines. As a result, in 1980s, translation became an independent field of study as "translation studies", building its own models and theories. With the emergence of the recent theories, new concepts came to the fore. Traditional terms like "source-text orientation", "fidelity to the source text", "equivalence", "fixed meaning" and so on were replaced by more functional terms like "aim of translation", "cultural formation", "target-text orientation" and "interpretation". The Turkish Republic, younger than the developments in translation studies, had already put those improvements into practice in its acculturation period. The aim of the study is, firstly to have a broader look into the cultural formation of the Republican Era and present how translation gets involved in this cultural formation period and secondly to present it with a specific translation practice during the period.
A descriptive study of of Mice and Men; a change in text type through translation
The aim of this thesis is to illustrate and account for the differences between the two translations of Of Mice and Men –the translated prose text and the translated play script version. Since the source text is originally written in prose from, its translation into a play script brings many changes and throughout the present study, the aim and the results of this text type change are investigated along with a descriptive study of a target oriented translation of Of Mice and Men. Each chapter deals with the analytical steps taken towards the comparison of two different translations of Mice and Men. Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory, Vermeer's Skopos Theory and Functional Approach are some of these theories that the present thesis is grounded with a view to showing that the text is translated according to a target oriented perspective to function on a communicative ground. The very concept of drama, its language and its relation with Translation Studies are illustrated with the reasons for changing the text type and how it contributes to culture repertoire. The conclusion reveals the detailed reasons for changing the text type with a descriptive study of translated versions of Of Mice and Men. In the descriptive study, it is argued that converting a prose text into a play script in translation makes it possible for it to reach a wider public who may prefer to watch the play on the stage rather than read the novel and it shows how translation contributes to culture repertoire through spreading foreign works in Turkey.
The bildung of bildungsroman: Joyce, Winterson and Kincaid
This thesis demonstrates the constant formation of the common denominators of the genre of Bildungsroman over the years under the impact of the ongoing movements of modernism, postmodernism and postcolonialism. Moreover, this thesis underlines the innovative contributions of famous writers belong to those eras such as James Joyce, Jeanette Winterson and Jamaica Kincaid to the formation of the genre. To this end, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit by Jeanette Winterson, and Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid have been chosen. Mainly, this thesis has focused on the structural and contextual formation the genre experiences in modern era with the steam-of-consciousness technique used by James Joyce in order to surface the intellectual/artistic development of the Künstlerroman hero. To this end, the formations seen in the common denominators of Bildungsroman under the impact of modernism will be presented. Secondarily, during the transition from modernism to post-modernism, how Winterson transgresses the structural and thematic boundaries of the genre will be demonstrated. With the emergence of postmodernism, how Winterson politicizes the genre by legitimizing the female Bildungsroman (Frauenromane), narrating the formation of a feminist, lesbian heroine will be examined. Finally, under the impact of post-colonialism, with her thematic and structural contributions to the formation of the genre, how Kincaid "decolonizes" the genre has been clarified. Moreover, this thesis answers the question of "can the subaltern sich bilden?" by holding Kincaid's novel Annie John as a measure.
Translating fictional identities: The case of to Kill a Mockingbird
It is a consensus among sociolinguists that one's linguistic choices represent his or her race, gender, social class, background, attitudes, and above all, character attributes. In other words, one's individual use of language, made up of his/her idiosyncratic syntactical and lexical choices, denotes his/her "identity". Similarly, fictional characters perform their identities by means of language, and thus, the best way to explore fictional characters' identities is to analyze their dialogues. Within the context of translated literature, reflection of these identities in the target text depends on the linguistic choices of the translator. This adds to the translation problems faced in literary translation, most of which have been addressed so far. A great number of literary translations, especially classics, have been analyzed, compared, and evaluated to see if and how successfully the target text could maintain the source text effect in terms of style, narrative technique, and literary devices. In this study, the dialogues of the characters in five Turkish translations, by five different translators, of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, translated into Turkish as Bülbülü Öldürmek, are analyzed to find out if there are any linguistic shifts in the dialogues of the characters, and how these shifts affect the way readers perceive the identities of the characters. In other words, the purpose of this study is to see if the linguistic behaviors of the characters in five different translations titled Bülbülü Öldürmek represent the same identities as those in To Kill a Mockingbird do. Considering the distinct linguistic behaviors of the characters and the incompatibility between the source language and the target language, the analysis is expected to yield informative results on the (re)creation of fictional characters in literary translation, and the effect of translators' decisions on the formation of fictional characters.
Growing need for economy news translation and the competency of the translator in the light of Skopos Theory
This thesis aims to highlight the importance of translation in economic news in line with the increasing economic interaction between the countries and the growing need for economic news. To achieve this goal, it portrays how globalization has reached every segment of the society and how this has raised the significance of international news. This work also points out that the rising appetite for world news automatically requires the need for (smart) translation and translators. It shows how important the Skopos theory is in the decision making process of translation by analyzing a number of selected translated news articles of Thomson Reuters, the only international news agency in Turkey with a domestic language service. In this thesis, of which fundamentals are laid out on the basis of Skopos theory, it is argued that despite the fact that the focus of translation shifts from source-oriented to target-oriented with the emergence of translation as an independent science, in certain texts the obligation to use source-oriented approach still prevails. The study also emphasizes that the translations of economic news could be considered either as 'adequate' or 'acceptable' as per the principles of Gideon Toury. While translation adopts a target-oriented approach in a number of economic news, statements from the country's senior institutions show that the source-oriented approach is used, almost entirely. The study argues that for the translator to make such a decision, he/she should not only have language skills but also deep knowledge of the subject matter. The study proposes that the translation of economic news is different from the non-economic news in terms of both terminology and content. It argues that the skills of the translator is key by listing examples and that the translation studies should assess the economic news articles separately from the overall news articles and through an inter-disciplinary approach. Keywords: Global news, economy news, translation, translation studies, skopos theory
Analyzing advertisement texts in the context of translation studies and the importance of culture in advertisement translations
The purpose of this study is to examine the importance of culture in advertisement translations in context of Translation Studies. Translation Studies is a field that deals with the study of the theory, description, interpretation and application of translation and localization. The development of communication technologies and globalization contributed to facilitating the international trade. In this new global market advertisement and marketing techniques has come into prominence. The main purpose of an advertisement is to attract consumer's attention. Accordingly, a wide range of advertisements in the global market and the translation of advertisements gain importance. This thesis will discuss the importance of culture in advertisement translations. In building up this argument, the concept of advertisement and marketing will be explained. After giving the theoretical background of Contemporary Translation Studies Theories, different examples from different advertisement texts will be analyzed in the light of Translation Studies. Throughout the study, the importance of culture in advertisement translations will be highlighted.
A descriptive study: Translation of banking advertisements in the light of Skopos Theory
In today's world globalization, which has inevitably become the jargon in all issues related to economy, also has a remarkable effect on translation. Marketing and advertising of products and services has made the need for translation an obligatory act in foreign markets to foreign customers. The intensified trading activities included an influential parameter in this intercultural communication, which is the translation of advertising and thus the translator because in the translation of goods and services there are two different cultures and languages. The main function of advertising, as a medium between two cultures, is to persuade the potential customers to purchase. The same purpose applies to the translated text as well. It is crucial to appeal to translation strategies while translating the source text into the target language so as to achieve the same targets and functionality in the target text. During the process of translation, the translator should pay regard for the cultural and linguistic differences between two languages. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate preferences of the translator in the translation of texts advertised on the websites of four different banks founded in Turkey with regards to advertising strategies within the framework of Skopos Theory.
Cultural adaptation as a translation strategy: Studying adaptation series shaped by culture with case studies from Turkey
This study aims to deal with adaptation series which has been a controversial issue in terms of Translation Studies and to discuss the cultural factors shaping adapted series within the context of Translation Studies. This discussion is going to be conducted by utilizing from culture-oriented theories such as Skopos Theory, Polysystem Theory and Norms brought by the modern Translation Studies. It is widely known that, media is a mass communication tool with its growing effect on people in their everyday lives. It is the most effective and fastest way to provide communication through geographic, cultural and linguistic borders. In providing interactions between the cultures by means of media, the effect of translation is undeniable. With the influence of the globalized world, Turkish translation of foreign origin series has increased dramatically and they have been easily and instantly reaching to the target viewers by means of translation. Handling the influence of cultures over translation phenomenon in visual media in terms of Translation Studies had aroused my interest. I believe the result observations of this research will help researchers of various fields to develop a new understanding of the current state of the communication relationship between the Turkish and foreign cultures in terms of adapted series, and of the current position of the cultural interaction that occurs by means of translation in visual media.
Gatekeepers as a shaping force in tv interpreting
TV interpreting has recently been considered as significantly different from conference interpreting. TV interpreting is indeed an institutional practice with its own norms and constraints. As a consequence of the institutionalization of the process, TV interpreting has turned into one of the realms where a gatekeeping process might be exercised. However, little attention has been devoted to the gatekeepers shaping the field of TV interpreting. This thesis sets out to reveal the gates behind TV interpreting. Interviews conducted with interpreters, a cameraman, editors-in-chief, and correspondents were analyzed using a comprehensive theoretical framework defining gatekeeping and compared against real instances of TV interpreting. As a result of the analysis of the findings, it is suggested that the policies of media outlets covering translation and language policy, the perception of the interpreters regarding the profession and their role, and their work conditions all function as gatekeepers. Therefore, the target text has to go through all those gates to be able to reach the audience. The hypothesis also points to the interediting (interpreting and editing) nature of TV interpreting. Key Words: TV interpeting, transediting, gatekeeping, interpreter, ethos.
Shakespeare'in "Hamlet" metninin Orhan Burian, Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, ve Can Yücel çevirileri üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma
This thesis takes Shakespeare's Hamlet as the source text and compares its Turkish translations by Orhan Burian (1944), Sabahattin Eyüboğlu (1965), and Can Yücel (1992) as the target texts in light of Reception Theory which is one of the reader-oriented critical theories. This study first focuses on what Reception Theory is from the perspective of Translation Studies; next, it looks through Elizabethan period and socio-cultural, political and historical background of the sixteenth century England, characteristics of Elizabethan drama and summary of Hamlet. Then, having summarized history of Hamlet translations in Turkey, this study compares the above mentioned target texts. As Reception Theory requires the detailed analysis of the target cultural norms, the three target texts and their socio-cultural, political and historical backgrounds in the twentieth century Turkey are analyzed in terms of the main themes of the source text: power struggle, gender roles, and the individual's dilemma. While "Power Struggle" part deals with the fight for power between two opposing forces in the Kingdom of Denmark, the second part, "Gender Roles" takes the women characters to the center, and deals with the prejudice towards them; lastly, "The Individual's Dilemma" discusses the meaning of the individual's existence and the choice he makes between two alternatives that seem equally undesirable. However, the target texts in the Turkey of the 40s, 60s and the 90s look similar to or differ from one another at times compared to the source text since the translators are the members of the target society, and thus exposed to those periods' socio-cultural, political and historical developments. Reception Theory enables the translators to fill in the blanks and indeterminacy of the source text apt for their 'horizon of expectations' during the reading process as the theorists Wolfgang Iser and Hans Robert Jauss assert because there is no more an ideal reader as it is solely the writer of the source text. Thus, it is possible that a text may be interpreted and formed variously by different readers or even by the same reader when read in different times. As translators are the first readers and interpreters of the source text, it would be natural for them to interpret and translate the source text under the influence of their own socio-cultural, political and historical background. Keywords: Translation Studies, Reception Theory, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Orhan Burian, Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Can Yücel.