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Anabilim Dalı
Türk işaret dilinde harfli işaretlerin birimbilimsel ve biçimbilimsel özellikleri
In this study, we aim to analyze certain morphological and phonological characteristics of lexicalized fingerspelling in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). Fingerspelling is a system which represents the characters of a writing system by certain handshapes and compositions of handshapes in sign languages. The words are, in sign languages, expressed through hands having various configurations, movements and locations. Fingerspelling is a secondary system in sign languages which allow interaction with spoken languages in terms of code-switching, code-mixing, and borrowing. In this thesis, we focus on the structure of borrowed words which are lexicalized and listed in the lexicon of Turkish Sign Language, namely, lexicalized fingerspelling.We explain a divergence point of TİD manual alphabet from TİD phonology which is the movement of the nondominant hand in the letter Ğ.We have suggested several features of the phonological structure of lexicalized fingerspelling by adopting the Hand-Tier model. Two rules were posited in order to account for the hand reversal in the lexicalization of one-handed letters. Another suggestion was that the place of the hand arrangement tier in the hand configuration hierarchy should be changed. In addition, TİD data revealed that movement plane is a phonological feature which is necessary to explain assimilation phenomenon.We have proposed that repetition or lengthening operate as morpheme structure constraints on the lexicalizations of fingerspelled letters. We categorize the polymorphemic forms which have a fingerspelled letter and a sign as compounding. In addition, we exemplify the constraints on word-formation through fingerspelling such as phonological blocking, syntactic blocking, and synonymy blocking.The linguistic phenomena we have explained show that fingerspelling can be used by sign language. On the other hand, fingerspelling is not a part of TİD grammar because it is an invented system and it has many non-grammatical and non-linguistic features. On the other hand, the lexicalizations of fingerspelling are mostly integrated into the structure of the language.
The verbal functional domain in the Denizli dialect of Turkish
In this thesis, I study the verbal domain in the Denizli Dialect of Turkish including syntactic and morphological characteristics of the functional categories (Tense, Aspect, Modality), the copulas i- and ol-, and person agreement markers. I first aim at presenting a novel look at the morpho-syntax of the Turkish verbal domain, in light of two realizational theories, Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz, 1993, among others) and Nano-syntax (Starke, 2009, among others ), which to my knowledge has not been done for Turkish before. Standard Turkish and Denizli Dialect behave the same in this respect. I try to give an account on the distribution of copula and the reason why it is realized in the structure. I argue that the copula is merged in order to satisfy the requirements of the functional categories to have a visible VP in their domains (cf. Enç, 2004, Kelepir, 2003). As for the nature of the insertion of phonological pieces to the structure produced by the syntax, because of the exceptional behavior of -mIş in terms of the Subset Principle of Distributive Morphology, I adopt Nano-syntactic theory and its most basic principle, The Superset Principle and present an analysis based on its tenets. Lastly, I outline an analysis on the person agreement mechanism of the Denizli Dialect. The verbal and nominal person agreement (spelled-out by two different paradigms) show differences in the Denizli Dialect and in capturing the different behaviors of them, I claim that the two agreement types (verbal and nominal) have different syntactic positions, establishing different kinds of relations. The verbal agreement relation is established inside the predicate structure, whereas the nominal agreement relation is established outside the predicate, in the C level (following Miyagawa, 2010). In addition to the different behaviors of the two agreement types, the spell-out mechanism of the person agreement is also analyzed within the Nano-syntactic framework.
Resultative constructions in Turkish
This thesis studies the syntactic structure of resultative constructions in Turkish and investigates whether the secondary predicate is within or outside the minimal VP. Based on the constraints governing the behavior of resultative constructions with respect to a number of syntactic phenomena, this thesis demonstrates that resultative constructions in Turkish built on unergative verbs are associated with tensed bi-clausal structures. In contrast, resultative constructions built on transitive and unaccusative verbs have mono-clausal structures in which the secondary predicate merges as an adverbial adjunct outside the minimal VP. It is further argued that some constructions that look superficially similar to resultative constructions are in fact associated with different syntactic structures. This thesis also investigates the assumed macro-parametric correlation between resultative constructions and directed manner of motion constructions, and argues that the assumed correlation cannot account for the right degree of variation in the cross-linguistic distribution of directed manner of motion constructions. A nanosyntactic account of Turkish directed manner of motion constructions is proposed according to which Turkish does not allow (some) directed manner of motion constructions due to the lack of required lexical items.
Türkçe'de kiplik edinimi
In this thesis, modality is explored from different perspectives such as semantics, typology and psycholinguistics. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how modality unfolds in the linguistic development of Turkish children and to find what factors affect this development. This aim is accomplished with a longitudinal and an experimental study. In the longitudinal study, two Turkish children?s production of modality between ages 1;3-2;0 and 1;6-2;10 is investigated. In the experimental study, children between ages 3 and 5 are tested on their ability to comprehend expressions of modality. Also, in these studies various influences on the acquisition of modality are investigated, such as child directed speech, multifunctionality of forms, morphological and lexical means of modal expressions, pragmatic functions and children?s theory of mind abilities. The results of the longitudinal study suggest that the first modal category to be acquired is dynamic modality and then soon after evidential modality. Lastly, epistemic and deontic modalities are acquired around the same time. This is corroborated by the findings of the experimental study. Moreover, the influences on the acquisition of modality found on either study were child directed speech, multifunctionality of forms, means of modalized expressions and theory of mind skills.
On the nature of anaphoric expressions kendi̇ / kendi̇si̇ and the clause structure of Turkish
This thesis analyzes the distributional differences between the third person singular reflexive kendi and its variant kendi-si ?him/her-self + 3SGPOSS? in Turkish within the assumptions of the Binding Theory and provides an analysis that accounts for the referent choice in view of the clause structure of Turkish. Kendi is observed to be an anaphor which obeys Condition A of the Binding Theory since it is bound by a c-commanding antecedent in its minimal domain. Given that kendi is not subject oriented in Turkish, a derivational account of the binding facts that hold between the two VP-internal arguments of ditransitive constructions is proposed. Also, based on the event structures and morphological properties of postpositions, a three-way distinction among postpositional phrases is suggested. It is assumed that there is an Operator related to the event structures of a certain group of bare postpositions and the Operator renders the PP an opaque domain for binding. Moreover, the morphological properties of possessive marked PPs provide evidence for the DP analysis which accounts for the distribution of kendi and kendisi as their complement since DP creates an opaque domain. Regarding the locality and the domain of binding in Turkish, it is argue that nominalized clauses with ?DIK and ?MA, ECM clauses with (strong) agreement and relative clauses are CPs as opposed to Control structures, ECM constructions without agreement and adjunct clauses. From a minimalist perspective, it is claimed that nominal agreement as well as verbal agreement is realized as a feature on the C head. Based on the empirical evidence, the minimal binding domain in Turkish is proposed to be CP which is assumed to be an instance of agreement feature on the C head. For the nature of kendisi, however, it is observed kendisi does not conform to the predictions of local binding; it has a dual nature exhibiting both anaphoric and pronominal properties as well as being sensitive to the discourse conditions. DP analysis of kendisi with a pro on its specifier licensed by {-sI} morpheme enables long-distance binding as well as local antecedents and discourse binders of kendisi which is the topic in the discourse.
Non - structural datives in Turkish
This thesis investigates the meanings and functions of the dative case in Turkish by examining its syntactic and semantic properties in relation to the event structure. Specifically, it analyzes how the distinct meanings of dative verbs in Turkish give rise to different argument realization patterns and how constructions in which dative case marked objects appear can be represented in a morphosyntactic frame, in the light of recent research couched within theories of argument and event structure. A three way distinction of non-structural datives in Turkish is proposed based on their syntactic and semantic properties. (i) Core datives appearing in ditransitive constructions, which are datives required by the argument structure of the verb. Syntactic evidence indicates that dative objects of canonical ditransitive verbs are base-generated in two positions; a high possessor and lower spatial goal PP and are associated with a postpositional ditransitive structure. (ii) Dative objects appearing as the sole internal argument of the verb. Verbs with sole dative complements exhibit the properties of Non Core Transitive Verbs (Levin, 1999), whose roots can lexically license a dative DP or PP. (iii) Non-core datives added to the argument structure of a transitive or intransitive predicate, which are neither semantically entailed nor syntactically licensed by the verb. A high applicative structure, as proposed by Pylkkänen (2002), is assumed for non-core datives in Turkish, which can combine with agentive transitive or intransitive events and non-agentive unaccusative events, introduced via high applicative heads, related to the VP as bene-/malefactives, recipients or experiencers.
Semantic, prosodic and syntactic marking of information structural units in Turkish
This dissertation focuses on how Turkish encodes information structural units within semantics, prosody and syntax interface. Information packaging is investigated under the classification of (i) aboutness topic, (ii) contrastive topic, (iii) contrastive focus, (iv) discourse-new focus, and (v) discourse anaphoric constituents. Focus phrases are differentiated not based on a designated syntactic position or the feature of contrast but based on exhaustive identification with contrastive focus phrases. The prosodic properties of focus phrases in SOV order indicate that (i) when focus is in the immediately preverbal position, contrastive focus and discourse-new focus and broad focus sentences do not differ significantly with respect to duration or pitch height at any of the measurement points, (ii) focus in sentence initial, medial or final domains is always marked as the rightmost phonological phrase with intonational phrase level prominence, which marks the beginning of the nuclear fall. The syntactic investigation of the interaction of information structural units with negation and quantifier scope illustrate that all movement operations are driven by discourse-interpretational purposes. Additionally, vP does not show phasehood properties and the derivation of the data is captured via eventual, situational, and propositional domains and clause-internal functional projections. In the absence of TP, (i) CP does not show phasehood properties as evidenced by binding data, ECM clauses, bounding nodes, (ii) temporal information is encoded as a secondary effect of Mood.
Processing genitive possessive long distance dependencies in Turkish
This study addresses the processing of Genitive (GEN)-Possessive (POSS) long distance dependencies in Turkish in both Noun Phrases (NPs) and non-finite embedded clauses. The self-paced reading paradigm to investigate two factors that might play a role in determining the processing complexity of the dependency at issue: the overt presence of the GEN-marker in the sentence and the linear distance between the GEN-marked noun and the POSS-marked word, which can be a noun or a nominalized verb. To that end, we compare three models on sentence processing; namely locality accounts (Hawkins, 1990; 1994; Gibson, 2000), anti-locality accounts (Konieczny, 2000; Kamide & Mitchell,1999) and content-addressable retrieval (McElree, 2006; Phillips, Wagers, & Lau, 2010). The results indicate NPs and non-finite clauses do not exhibit a complete parallelism with respect to the processing of the GEN-POSS dependencies. While the overt presence of the GEN-marker leads to more processing load on the POSS-marked noun in both domains, the effect of the linear distance between the GEN-marker and the POSS-marker is not uniform. The linear distance does not affect the processing complexity in NPs whereas it eases the processing of the nominalized verb in nonfinite embedded clauses. To conclude, this study shows that each dependency relation might have its own dynamics and a particular processing model might not be able to account for all types of long distance dependencies.
Time and aspect in Turkish Sign Language (TD): Manual and nonmanual realizations of 'finish'
The need to study aspectual marking in TİD lies in the fact that a small number of studies in the literature mention manual aspectual markers but do not provide a detailed analysis. Understanding the aspectual marking in TİD will present a comprehensive understanding of the event structure in TİD and how it is mapped to syntax. In this thesis, I discuss the implications of my findings for aspect projections in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). I especially focus on viewpoint aspect based on an empirical study that investigates how the manual aspect marker BİT 'finish' and the nonmanual marker 'bn' differ in terms of their aspectual functions. First of all, I present data that these signs are functional signs used to mark viewpoint aspect in TİD. The evidence comes from empirical data presenting their interaction with negation. Secondly, I discuss that the manual marker BİT has a significantly different aspectual function from the nonmanual marker 'bn' by providing their sub-categorizational frames. Even though Dikyuva (2011) analyzed 'bn' as a completive marker, I show that 'bn' is compatible with both termination and completion. Building upon the syntactic representation proposed for TİD by Gökgöz (2009), I propose that TİD has a set of aspectual projections and BİT and 'bn' enter the syntactic composition at different levels of hierarchical structure of these functional categories. These findings will shed light on the discussions and studies on event structure, complexity in the verbal domain, and how semantic notions interact with syntax.
Spatial prefixes of Pazar Laz: A nano-syntactic approach
This study investigates the spatial prefixal system of Pazar Laz, an endangered South Caucasian language. Specifically, it aims to provide a descriptive and syntactic account of the spatial verbal prefixes of PL, which encode elaborate information regarding the location or direction of motion events. For this purpose, we first comprehensively describe the spatial prefixes of PL by reference to the two picture series, namely Topological Relations Picture Series (Bowerman & Pederson, 1992) and Picture Series (Felix, Witte & Wilkins, 1999). PL is then examined under the typological classification system developed in Talmy (2000) and it is argued that the status of PL as a satellite-framed language is questionable as opposed to what has been suggested by Kutscher (2011). As opposed to the case in other satellite-framed languages like Germanic and Slavic, the spatial prefixes in PL exhibit selectivity with respect to the nature of the motion verbs they are compatible with. In order to account for this selectivity, we offer a classification for the motion verbs and the spatial prefixes in PL and then proceed to decompose both into their corresponding syntactic structures following Svenonius (2006), Folli and Ramchand (2005), Ramchand (2008) and Fabregas (2007). Based on this decomposition, we show that the possibility of using a dynamic spatial prefix with a motion verb seems to correlate with the presence of a Path projection within the lexical specification of the verb. The lexicalization of the relevant syntactic constructions are lastly analyzed under the framework of Nano-syntax (Starke, 2009 among others).
Headed relative clauses in Romeyka
This thesis investigates Headed relative clauses in Romeyka, an endangered and understudied Asia Minor Greek variety spoken mainly in Trabzon, Türkiye. It is the very first extensive study of the Headed relatives in the language. It primarily involves a description of the noun phrase structure and finiteness in the language, and documents Headed relatives by providing a detailed description. It further offers a structural analysis of Headed relatives by focusing on three different linear positions with regards to demonstratives; two of these (N-RC and RC-N) yielding a restrictive reading, and one (RC-N) a non-restrictive one. The possible reasons for the two-way distinction of restrictive relatives are further investigated. The overall conclusion is that these two forms have different derivational paths; evidenced by the observation that the N-RC order shows connectivity effects (does not enable relativization out of islands and stacking) while RC-N doesn't. This corresponds to the idea that while RC-N is derived through matching, N-RC involves raising. The thesis also offers an analysis of the non-restrictives with the conclusion that they are integrated. Adopting Cinque (2020), a step-by-step derivation is provided for each Headed relative type. Considering that Romeyka bears no influence of Modern Greek unlike other Asia Minor Greek varieties, e.g., Cappadocian, Pharasiot, and Pontic, which employ both postnominal and prenominal relatives (Bağrıaçık, 2020; Drettas, 1989; Papadopoulos, 1955), this thesis provides important evidence for what underlies the appearance of the prenominal-postnominal variation in Asia Minor Greek as well.
Türkçenin tarihi boyunca –DIK ekli yan tümcelerdeki özne uyumu
In this thesis, subject case and subject agreement in -DIK argument subordinate clauses are explored throughout the history of Turkish. Definiteness hierarchy is the determining factor in the genitive marking of the overt internal subjects of complement and non-subject relative clauses in Modern Turkish: specific subjects bear genitive whereas non-specific ones appear in the nominative. This state of affairs was not the same across the history of Turkish. The quantitative investigation of a diachronic corpus that I created manually reveals that, while genitive marking was overall lower, the animacy hierarchy played a crucial role in the subject case of -DIK subordinate clauses until the eighteenth century. At this point definiteness hierarchy became the prominent factor. This diachronic change was discussed in the light of an acquisition-based model to language change (Andersen, 1973; Lightfoot, 1976). In particular, it is suggested that due to parametric ambiguity and lack of sufficient data, the animacy hierarchy, which is the predictor in genitive marking, was reanalyzed as definiteness hierarchy by a group of language acquirers around the eighteenth century. In addition, the thesis also investigates diachronic changes in the nominal agreement on the verb of subordinate -DIK clauses. The thesis shows how often and since when nominal agreement has been used in all subordinate -DIK clause types. For each subordinate -DIK clause type, the increase or decrease in the existence of the nominal agreement has been provided numerically.
Resolution of Turkish scalar implicatures by large language models
As for a scalar pair consisting of a weaker term and a stronger term, scalar implicatures are the pragmatic inferences drawn when the use of the weaker term denotes the negation of the stronger term. This study investigates the pragmatic capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM) in the resolution of scalar implicatures. As part of the study, a Natural Language Inference (NLI) dataset in Turkish, ImplicaTR, was developed, which is a four-class NLI dataset that enriches the conventional entailment-neutral-contradiction classification with a new class, implicature. With a total of 2,340 sets of sentences spanning five different linguistics categories, ImplicaTR has a size of 20,340 rows. Two experiments were conducted on ImplicaTR. In Experiment 1, various BERT models and generative models such as Gemma, Llama-2, and Mistral were inspected on pragmatic reasoning, and we found that LLMs can reason about scalar inferences with an accuracy over 98% on test dataset. As a result, we obtained an NLI model that does more fine-grained analysis. In Experiment 2, we carried out a linguistic inquiry within an ablation study to reveal the factors influencing the entailment and implicature resolution of the models. Our findings showed that the frequency of individual scalar items is positively correlated with the model's ability to resolve the pragmatic inferences. From the linguistic perspective, our study demonstrated that scalar reasoning is not solely a pragmatic process nor a lexical one; both mechanisms seem to play a role in implicature inferencing.
On disjunctive case realization in Eastern Kabardian
In this thesis, I document and analyze case valuation and case realization patterns in Kabardian. The typical case alignment pattern in Kabardian singles out subjects of transitives, marking subjects of intransitives and objects of transitives alike. Hence, I argue that Kabardian exhibits ergative case, analyzed as upward dependent case under the assumptions of Dependent Case Theory. Furthermore, Kabardian exhibits an inverse pattern where the special case marker that is identified as the ergative case in the language appears on objects of some transitive verbs. I argue that these verbs assign a lexical case to their complement, which happens to be syncretic with ergative. I show that this type of disjunctive case realization is fully predicted under Dependent Case Theory, further testing the predictions in causativization structures. I additionally show that caseless nouns in Kabardian are a result of an obliteration rule that applies post-syntactically in specific environments. Overall, the thesis brings further support to the idea that the case calculus is not performed contemporaneously, yet in steps determined by the nature of the case being assigned.
Farsça-Türkçe ikidillilerde düzenek değiştirme görünümleri
İkidillilikteki ilginç konulardan biri ikidilli bireyler arasındaki kişilerarası etkileşimlerde dinamik olarak kullanılan düzenek değiştirmedir. Bu çalışma, Farsça-Türkçe dil çiftleri üzerine yapılan ikidillilik araştırmalarında bilinen modellerden birinin ilkelerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu model, Myers Scotton tarafından önerilen Temel Dil Çerçeve Modeli olarak bilinmektedir ve düzenek değiştirme ile ilgili çalışmaların çoğunda bu model kullanılmıştır. Bu modelin ilkelerinin Farsça-Türkçe dil çiftinde geçerli olup olmadığı araştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada düzenek değiştirme kullanım nedenleri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla iki araştırma aracı kullanılmıştır. İlk olarak yazar ve katılımcılar arasında paylaşılan sözlü WhatsApp ve Telegram uygulama mesajlarından düzenek değiştirme verileri toplanıp çıkarılmıştır. Buna ek olarak düzenek değiştirme kullanım nedenlerinin öğrenilebilmesi için katılımcılarla görüşme yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, düzenek değiştirmenin katılımcılar arasında, özellikle ikidilli bireylerin kendi dilleri arasında serbestçe geçiş yapabildiklerini resmi olmayan ortamlarda oldukça sık ve normal olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca sonuçlar, katılımcıların Farsçadan Türkçeye düzenek değiştirmeyi çoğunlukla sözcüksel düzeylerde kullandıklarını göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, tümce-içi düzenek değiştirme daha sık görülmüştür. Genel olarak araştırma bulguları Farsça - Türkçe için Temel Dil Çerçeve modelinin ilkelerini desteklemiştir.
İngilizcenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde eşdizimli sözcük kullanımında yapılan yanlışların çözümlenmesi
Bu çalışmanın amacı, anadili Türkçe olan, İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenenlerin İngilizcenin dilbilgisel eşdizimli sözcüklerinde en sık yaptıkları yanlışları ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışma, 2009-2010 akademik yılında Türkiye – Ankara'da yer alan Gazi Üniversitesi'nde hazırlık eğitimi alan İngilizce Öğretmenliği Bölümü öğrencileri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öğrencilerin yazılı ve sözlü edimlerindeki dilbilgisel eşdizimli sözcüklere ilişkin yanlışlar belirlenmiştir. Sonrasında, bu yanlışlara dayanarak, bir boşluk doldurma alıştırması hazırlanmış ve yine aynı katılımcılara grubun çoğunluğu tarafından sıkça yapılan yanlışları belirlemek amacıyla uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra, sıkça yapılan yanlışların anadilinden hedef dile yapılan olumsuz aktarım ve hedef dilin içinde yapılan genelleme açısından yanlış çözümlemesi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, katılımcıların İngilizcede çok sık kullanıma sahip dilbilgisel eşdizimli sözcükler de bile yanlış yaptığını ve olumsuz aktarım ile genellemenin katılımcıların ediminde benzer etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. 2022-2023 akademik yılında, araştırmacı merakıyla, çalışmanın üçüncü veri toplama aracı olan boşluk doldurma alıştırması aynı üniversitenin yine hazırlık eğitimi alan İngilizce Öğretmenliği Bölümü öğrencilerine uygulanmıştır. Neredeyse aynı yanlışların bugün de yapıldığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, yabancı dil öğrencilerine hedef sözcüklerin sözcük öbekleri halinde öğretilmesi gerektiği; diğer bir deyişle, yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin, eşdizimli sözcüklerde farkındalık oluşturmak ve öğrencilerinin daha çok sözlük ve hedef dilin derlemini kullanma alışkanlığında olan özerk öğrenciler olmalarını sağlamak adına, yeni sözcükleri, birlikte gerektirdikleri yapılarla öğretmeleri önerilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: eşdizimli sözcükler, dilbilgisel eşdizimli sözcükler, yanlış çözümlemesi, olumsuz aktarım, genelleme
Türkçede değer biçilmiş anlam: Türkçe dersi kitaplarında sıfatların kullanımı
Dil kullanımının çözümlenmesinde dilin kişilerarası üstişlevi ve dil düzlemlerinin birleşiminden doğan anlamların çözümlenmesi gerekliliği son yıllarda önem kazanan konulardan biridir. Dilin söylemanlambilim düzlemi ile kişilerarası üstişlevinin ilişkilendirilmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan dilin değerlendirme boyutu dil kullanımının çeşitli dilsel birimler ve yapılar aracılığıyla değerlendirici anlamın çözümlenmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Dil kullanımının temel işlevleri arasında yer alan değerlendirme, dış dünyayı duygular ve düşünceler aracılığıyla anlamlandırma ve yorumlama eylemlerinin bir yansımasını oluşturmaktadır. Dil kullanımının iletişim değeri açısından taşıdığı bu işlevde gerek duygusal gerekse değerlendirici tepkilerin rolü önemlidir. Duygusal tepkiler, kişisel görüşü ifade ederken değerlendirici tepkiler ise bir kişiye, duruma veya başka bir varlığa karşı toplumsal değerler sistemi içerisinde (Hunston 1994: 210) olumlu ve/veya olumsuz tepkilerin dilsel görünümleri olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu durum da dilin değerlendirme işlevinin hem öznel (duygusal tepkiler) hem de öznelerarası (değerlendirici tepkiler) boyuta sahip olduğunu göstermektedir (Hunston, 2011:12). Bu çalışma Değer Biçme Kuramı çerçevesinde (Martin ve White 2005; 2007) sıfat nitelikli değerlendirici dilsel birim özelinde tutum dizgesine odaklanarak dil örüntüleri ile tutumsal konumlama arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde anadili öğretiminde kullanılan Türkçe dersi kitaplarında yer alan metinlerdeki tutumsal konumlandırma duyuşsal etki, yargılama ve değerbilirlik altulamı kapsamında işlev yüklenen sıfatlar çalışmanın sorgulama odağında yer almaktadır. Çalışmada doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılarak tutumsal konumlandırma değerlendirici işlevi alan sıfatlar içerik analizi tekniğiyle bu dilsel birimlerin dilbilgisel, anlambilimsel, değer biçme ve örüntü ölçütleri kapsamındaki özelliklerinin yanı sıra tutum türleri ve metin türleri arasındaki etkileşim de ortaya konmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular Türkçe dersi kitapları özelinde Türkçe yazılı söylemde tutum ulamının sıklıkla değerbilirlik, yargılama ve duyuş etki sırasıyla tercih edildiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte Türkçe dersi kitaplarında tutumsal konumlamanın açık biçimleriyle yer aldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Duyuş etki tutumunun mutluluk; Yargılama tutumunun toplumsal saygı, değerbilirlik tutumunun ise değerleme bileşeni ile Türkçe dersi kitaplarında seçiminin yapıldığı ortaya konmuştur. Sıfat nitelikli değerlendirici dilsel birimlerin anlambilimsel özelliklerinin tutum türüne göre farklılaştığı gözlemlenmiştir. Sıfat nitelikli değerlendirici dilsel birimlerin biçimbilimsel özelliklerde yalın ve türemiş biçimlerinin tercih edildiği, küçültme ve pekiştirme türlerinin ise tutumsal konumlama etkisinin az olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte sıfat nitelikli dilsel birimlerin sözdizimsel özelliklerinin betimlenmesi tutumsal konumlamaya ilişkin dilsel örüntülerin ortaya konmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında her bir tutum türüne ilişkin sözdizimsel özelliklerin değişmesi sonucu sıfat nitelikli değerlendirici dilsel birimlerin hem tümleme hem de tümcesel örüntülerine ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak tutumsal konumlama ve metin türleri etkileşiminde bir farklılık olmadığı yani Türkçe dersi kitaplarında hem bilgilendirici hem de kurgulayıcı metinlerde üç tutum türünün sıklıkla bulunduğu ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar anadili öğretimi kitaplarında, seçimi yapılan metinlerin öznel ve öznelerarası dil kullanımını baskın bir biçimde yansıttığını göstermektedir. Duygusal ve değerlendirici tepkilerin Türkçe dersi kitaplarına sıklıkla yerleştirilmesi, öğrencilerin kavramlaştırma sırasında algılama ve ulamlaştırma işlemlerini değer biçilmiş anlam ile gerçekleştirdiğini göstermektedir. Bu da anadili öğretiminde algılama ve ulamlaştırma eylemlerinin değerlendirici birimlerden bağımsız yapılamadığı anlamına gelmektedir. Çalışmanın Türkçe dersi kitapları özelinde tutumsal konumlamaya ilişkin ortaya koymuş olduğu vargıların yanı sıra Türkçede sıfat anlambilimsel çalışmalara sunmuş olduğu yeni yönelimler nedeniyle alana büyük bir katkı sağladığı düşünülmektedir.
Yabancı dil olarak İngilizce ders kitaplarında söz eylemlerin görünümü
Bu tez çalışmasının amacı, 2022-2023 eğitim öğretim yılında Türkiye'deki örgün eğitim kurumlarında kullanılan, Talim Terbiye Kurulu onaylı B1 ve B2 düzeyi yabancı dil olarak İngilizce ders kitaplarında yer verilen söz eylemlerin incelenmesidir. Bu amaçtan hareketle bu çalışmada, ulusal yabancı dil olarak İngilizce ders kitaplarında farklı söz eylemlere ne sıklıkla yer verildiği ortaya konulmuş ve ardından elde edilen veriler belirlenen ölçütler çerçevesinde yorumlanmıştır. Söz konusu ölçütler Avrupa Dilleri Ortak Çerçevesi temel alınarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri; ders kitaplarında bulunan toplam alıştırma sayısının ve söz eylemleri içeren alıştırma sayısının düşük, söz eylem çeşitliliğinin ise sınırlı olduğunu ve Türkiye'de kullanılan üç ders kitabının B1 ve B2 düzeyleri ile uyumlu olmadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, ulusal ve uluslararası ders kitaplarının yer verdikleri söz eylem çeşitleri ve bazı söz eylemlerin sıklık değerleri açılarından uyumlu oldukları, ancak toplam söz eylem sayıları, söz eylem yelpazesi, alıştırma sayıları ve hedef dilde söz eylemleri gerçekleştirmenin farklı yolları ile ilgili edimbilimsel açıklama ya da örneklere yer verme açılarından uyumsuz oldukları gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları Türkiye'de yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğretimi amacıyla kullanılan ders kitaplarının söz eylem öğretimi konusunda yetersiz kaldığını göstermiştir. Bu durumun, ders kitaplarını kullanan öğrenirlerin söz eylemlerin kullanımı ile ilgili sınıf içerisinde edindikleri bilgileri sınıf dışında uygulama, başarılı bir şekilde iletişim kurabilmek için gerekli olan edimsel edinci ve iletişim edincini geliştirme, söz eylemleri farklı bağlamlarda uygun bir şekilde kullanabilme ve farklı bağlamlarda kullanımı en uygun olan söz eylemi seçebilme gibi konularda zorluklar yaşamalarına sebep olabileceği öngörülmüştür.
A1 düzey düğüm sözcüklerle kurulmuş Türkçe eşdizimlilikler ve İngilizce karşılıkları: Bir sözlükçe önerisi
Bir dilin temeli söz varlığıdır. Sözcükler olmadan dil öğrenilemez ve kullanılamaz. Fakat sözcükleri tek başlarına öğrenmeye çalışmak asla yeterli olmayacaktır. Burada karşımıza eşdizimlilikler çıkar. Her dilin kendine özgü eşdizimlilik oluşumları vardır. Eşdizimlilikler bir sözcüğün başka hangi sözcüklerle anlamlı birliktelikler kurabileceğini gösterir (örneğin; "diş fırçalamak" ama "göz fırçalamak" değil). Dili yeni öğrenmeye çalışan birinin en çok ihtiyaç duyacağı şey ise bu birlikteliklerin hedef dilde nasıl ifade edildiğini sunan bir kaynak olacaktır. Çünkü eşdizimliliği oluşturan sözcüklerin tek tek çevirileri çoğu zaman istenen kavramı ifade etmez. Bu çalışma hem dil öğrenirlerine hem de dil öğreticilerine kaynak olabilecek bir Türkçe eşdizimliliklere İngilizce karşılıklar sunma çalışmasıdır. Türkçeye kıyasla İngilizce ile ilgili daha kapsamlı ve sistematik listeler ve derlem çalışmaları mevcuttur. Bunlardan birisi olan The Oxford 3000TM by CEFR Level listesinde bulunan A1 düzeyindeki toplam 658 ad ve eylem etiketli sözcük eşdizimliliklerin düğüm yani birincil sözcüğü olarak değerlendirildi. İlk aşamada bu sözcükler Türkçeye çevirildi ve 595 madde başı elde edildi. Ardından Türkçe ile ilgili mevcuttaki en kapsamlı derlem olan Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi'nde (TUD) bu sözcükler tarandı ve kapsamlı bir Türkçe eşdizimlilik listesi oluşturuldu. Son olarak ise elde edilen Türkçe eşdizimlilikler İngilizce'ye çevrildi. Elde edilen verilerin Türkçe ve İngilizce özelinde ne gibi yönlerden benzerlikler ve farklılıklar sunduğuyla ilgili değerlendirmelerde bulunuldu.
Miras dil konuşucularında dillerarası sözdizimsel hazırlama etkisi: Türkçe (D1)- Almanca (D2) örneği
Bu tezin amacı, miras dilleri (D1) Türkçe, ikinci dilleri (D2) Almanca olan ikidilli bireylerin, D1 ve D2'de dil üretim ve anlama süreçleri bakımından dillerarası etkileşim süreçlerini incelemektir. Araştırmada Türkçe ve Almancada özgür sözcük dizilişi olanakları kullanılarak miras dil konumundaki Türkçe ile D2 konumundaki Almanca arasındaki sözdizimsel hazırlama etkisi araştırılarak, sözdizim bileşeninin dillerarasında ortak veya ayrık bir işlev görüp görmediği ortaya konmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, dillerarası sözdizimsel hazırlama etkisinin olup olmadığı, sözdizimsel hazırlamada sözcüksel arttırıcı etki, ters tercih etkisi gibi etkenler ve sözdizimsel hazırlamanın dil üretim ve anlamada süreçlerindeki arakesiti sorgulanmaktadır. Araştırmada sözdizimsel hazırlamanın dillerarası etkisini ortaya koymak için göz-izleme tekniğinin kullanıldığı anlama ve üretim (tümce hatırlama deneyi) deneyleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, sözdizimsel hazırlamanın dillerarası etkisinin üretim ve anlama bakımından hem D1-D2 hem de D2-D1 yönünde geçerli olduğunu, sözcüksel arttırıcı etkinin her iki dil yönü durumunda da etkili olduğunu, ters tercih etkisinin ise Almanca-Türkçe (D2-D1) yönünde geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Ek olarak, çalışma sonucu elde edilen veriler sözdizim bileşeninin dillerarasında ayrık bir işlev görmediğini, ortak-sözdizim savının Türkçe-Almanca ikidilli bireyler bakımından da geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir.
Derivational networks of nouns and adjectives in Turkish
In Turkish, the distinction between nouns and adjectives is not clear. According to Braun and Haig (2000), nouns and adjectives in Turkish are on a continuum. The distinction between nouns and adjectives is not straightforward since nouns can behave like adjectives and modify other nouns and adjectives can go under conversion and take nominal suffixes. This study aims to shed light on the derivational properties of nouns and adjectives in Turkish. These properties are observed through a model called Derivational Networks, which is first used in Projekt Monika: Cross-linguistic research into derivational networks (Bagasheva et al., frth.). The Derivational Networks model focuses on the semantic categories of the outcomes of derivation rather than analyzing the formal properties of derivational affixes (Bagasheva et al., frth.). In the Derivational Networks project, Göksel and Kapan (frth.) state that nouns and adjectives share similarities as well as differences in their derivation, which inspired this study. In order to analyze the derivational properties of nouns and adjectives in Turkish, 65 base nouns and 65 base adjectives have been selected and their derivations are spread out on derivational network tables. One of the findings is that nouns and adjectives differ in terms of their potential to derive new lexical items and the actualizations of those potentials. Nouns have a higher number of derivatives and a maximum derivational network number than adjectives whereas adjectives have a higher saturation value, suggesting that even though the potential of adjectives to derive new lexical items is smaller than nouns, adjectives actualize their potential more than nouns.
Denominal verbs in Turkish
The aim of this study is to investigate the structural properties of denominal verbs derived with the suffix –lA in Turkish and their implications for the VoiceP-vP split. For this purpose, we first analyze Turkish derived and underived verbs in terms of the Voice-v bundling hypothesis proposed by Pylkkänen (2008). Languages can exhibit bundling or non-bundling patterns for Voice and v (Pylkkänen 2008, Harley 2017). Turkish clearly qualifies as a non-bundling language when underived verbs are considered (Key 2013). In this study, we focus on denominal verbs derived with –lA, and show that a bundling pattern is also available in Turkish, as –lA encompasses properties associated both with VoiceP and vP. Hence, Turkish exhibits both a split pattern in terms of Voice-v bundling with underived lexical verbs, and a bundling pattern with verbs derived with –lA. In order to account for this variation, we suggest that a Nano-syntactic analysis following Ramchand (2008, among others) represents the properties of the verbal domain. We show that the decomposition helps reveal the characteristics of the –lA suffix which can contribute various event and argument structures. We lastly analyze the suffixes –lAn and –lAş and introduce an explication on scalarity properties of degree achievement verbs.
Effects of age of acquisition on morphosyntactic structures in Turkish sign language: Evidence from classifiers
This study investigates the differences in language production and comprehension of early learner and late learner Turkish Sign Language (TİD) signers. For this purpose, I focus on the complex structures such as classifiers and coordination to find out: (i) whether we observe any differences in the production of classifiers by early learner and late learner TİD signers with respect to morphological encoding as well as overt expression of the arguments on syntax-discourse level, (ii) whether we see any differences in the comprehension of coordinated clauses between two groups regarding the interpretation of the missing argument. I conducted two tasks, a production study with classifier constructions and a comprehension study with coordinated structures. The results of the production study indicate that early learner (Mage = 30) and late learner (Mage = 38) TİD signers encode the thematic role of the argument morphologically in an accurate way; therefore, this aspect of TİD grammar is not age-sensitive. However, the findings on the overt expression of the arguments in classifier construction show two groups utilize different alignment systems, which indicates that this aspect of the language is age-sensitive. The findings of the comprehension task conducted with 20 TİD signers (10 early and 10 late learners; Mage = 31,9 and Mage = 39,3, respectively) confirm the findings of the production study which claims early and late learner TİD signers use different alignment systems. However, no significant effect of thematic roles of the arguments is observed in this task unlike the production study. This finding may indicate the differences between the nature of classifier predicates and plain verbs.
The universal quantifier 'All' in Turkish sign language
This thesis aims at investigating the universal quantification in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). Four signs have been investigated. Contrary to the initial hypotheses of this study, not all of the four signs have been identified as expressing universal quantification. Based on the findings, these four signs are glossed as ALL, ALL_OF_THOSE, THOSE and ALL_OF_THOSE^SAME. Based on the findings of grammaticality judgment and picture description tasks with native and non-native signers, I argue in this thesis that three of the signs I investigated express universal quantification: ALL is a universal quantificational determiner. ALL_OF_THOSE is a complex sign having a universal quantificational determiner component, which is expressed by the mouthing of the Turkish word hepsi 'all' and a demonstrative determiner/pronoun, and has a partitive meaning. ALL_OF_THOSE^SAME is an incorporated sign having the handshape of SAME and the movement of ALL_OF_THOSE. The fourth sign, THOSE, which differs from ALL_OF_THOSE only in the absence of mouthing is a plural demonstrative pronoun.
The syntax of information structure in Turkish nominal phrases
This thesis aims to introduce a novel approach to the internal structure of Turkish nominal phrases by arguing that Turkish encodes information structure inside nominal phrases, possessing layers such as topic and focus. Rizzi's (1997) left periphery model is adopted as in previous studies on the Split-DP Hypothesis such as Giusti (1996) and Aboh (2004). First of all, it will be argued that Turkish has a DP layer, and the DP is dominated by a Possessive Phrase (PossP). PossP seemingly equals Rizzi's (1997) Finiteness Phrase (FinP). Above PossP, topic and focus phrases (TopP and FocP) are respectively positioned. DP-internal constituents such as adjectivals, numerals and demonstratives move into these projections, depending on their interpretation. The closing projection of nominal phrases is the Case Phrase (KP), adopted from Kornfilt (2003, 2009), which equals the Force Phrase (FP) in Rizzi (1997). It will also be shown that Turkish nominals license a post-nominal position, hosting backgrounded information, akin to post-verbal position (Erguvanlı, 1984). After drawing an outline of a typical Turkish nominal phrase, it will be argued that both the CP and the DP project their own information structure related phrases, and that the nominal complex is able to move into relevant TopP and FocP inside the CP. It will be further shown that there are restrictions concerning the extraction properties of layered nominal phrases. The genitive-marked phrases have relatively more freedom to move out of the KP, whereas other constituents such as demonstratives and adjectives are not accessible for further operations.
How Turkish-speaking children tackle negation when it combines with modality and (Non)factivity in complex sentences
This thesis explores how Turkish-speaking children interpret negation when it combines with other logical operators, such as (non)factive verbs and epistemic modals. Experiment 1, testing 60 Preschool (mean age: 5) and 30 Elementary School (mean age: 8) Turkish-speaking children investigate how children handle negation when it interacts with the cognitive factive verbs, bil- 'know', anla- 'realize'; emotive factives üzül- 'be sad' and sevin- 'be happy' and the non-factive verbs düşün- 'think' and san- 'suppose/ believe' in complex sentences. The results indicate that while Elementary school Turkish-speaking children show a ceiling level accuracy in the interpretation of both factive and nonfactive verbs under the scope of negation, Preschool children experience problems, such as overfactivization of nonfactive verbs, not being able to attribute false-belief to the attitude holders in the presence non-factive verbs, over-affirmation of negative sentences and paying attention to the truth value of the complement clauses only, in handling negation especially when it combines with non-factive verbs. Experiment 2 explores another logical operator 'modality' and how it is interpreted when it interacts with negation. Testing 18 children it shows how challenging the acquisition and comprehension of this interaction is. In particular, the results of Experiment 2 show that Turkishspeaking children tend to favor negative strong epistemic reading over negative weak epistemic reading, hence tend to extend the strong reading to weak epistemic modals.
The syntax of focus particles in Turkish
This study aims to answer three main questions on the syntax of focus particles based on the data in Turkish: (i) Where is the exact location in the phrase structure of Turkish that focus particles are generated? (ii) Are there any subsequent movement operations from Surface Structure to Logical Form that would allow the particle take propositional scope, and if yes what are they? (iii) Is it possible for the particles to modify any non-verbal projections? The analysis covers the scalar additive particles hatta 'even' and bile 'even', the additive particle dA 'also', and the exclusive particle sadece 'only'. The analysis on the positions and the syntactic domains of the focus particles shows that there are three specific focus projections in the phrase structure of Turkish, and these are phrase-level (vP-internal), clause-level (vP-external) and utterance-level (CP). Following Kayne (1998), focus particles are assumed to attract focused phrases to the specifier of the focus projections in which the focus particles are the heads. Due to the intervention effect, in the sense of Rizzi's (1990) Relativized Minimality framework, negation is assumed to prohibit raising of the focused phrases to clause-level and utterance-level focus projections. Such prohibitions prevent interpretation since all the focused phrases are assumed to be raised to these projections for interpretation. Three specific proposals based on this phrase structure are presented. The first proposal includes the focus particles in the study in affirmative clauses, the second proposal covers the focus particles in negative clauses, and the last proposal presents a syntactic behavior matrix, which includes the scalar additive particles hatta 'even' and bile 'even' in Turkish, along with even, the scalar additive focus particle in English, and sogar, the scalar additive focus particle in German. The cross-linguistic validity of the arguments in the preceding proposals is confirmed by the fact that both particles in English and German is compatible with the current framework.
Şavşat Gürcücesinde kılınış ve tematik ekler
This study investigates the morpho-syntactic features of Thematic Suffixes (TS) in Şavşat Georgian, a non-literal dialect of Georgian spoken in the northeast of Turkey. Specifically, it aims to provide an analysis on the different realisations of TS and relate these realisations with Aspect. For this purpose, we first comprehensively describe the environments in which Thematic Suffixes -ob, -eb, -av and -ev appear. Verbs with different Aktionsart features are examined in various tense conjugations. As a result of this analysis, it is argued that the presence of TS denotes imperfectivity in Şavşat Georgian. Besides, each realisation of TS specifically denotes a certain lexical aspectual class; that is, -eb denotes states, -av denotes activity, -eb denotes change of state and -ev denotes two-phase achievements. To complete the discussion on morphosyntactic features of the Thematic Suffixes, we offer a syntactic analysis based on a two-layered Aspect head following Travis (2010). In such a mechanism, TS is base generated in Inner Aspect head to mark the lexical aspectual class of the verb and then it moves into Outer Aspect head to check imperfectivity. Causative construction is also accounted for with a similar mechanism in which a certain realisation of TS, i.e. -eb, always occurs.
Idiomaticity, formulaicity and semi-fixed constructions in Turkish
This study investigates idiomaticity, formulaicity and constructions in Turkish, limiting the analysis to semi-fixed multiword constructions. These concepts have been independently studied for this language, however, never within a constructionist approach or in systematic relation to each other. In this regard, this is arguably the first study that shows that beyond canonical idioms such as ayranı kabarmak 'burst with anger', one finds how varying degrees of idiomaticity and formulaicity relate with each other and how widespread they are in the language. In doing this, the analysis is founded upon three theoretical pillars: Wray's theory of formulaicity (2002, 2008); Wulff's (2008) definition of idiomaticity, and Goldberg's Cognitive Construction Grammar (CCG) (2005). A thorough analysis of form and function, particularly modal function, is provided for semi-fixed constructions such as [Vi-(y)A Vi(y)A X mI Vi] (e.g. gele gele sen mi geldin?! 'Of all the people YOU came (complaining tone)?!'. The main findings are: i) in the spirit of their holistic and non- transparent nature, SFCs tend to denote modality implicitly; ii) boulomaic modality is the most commonly expressed; iii) the prevalent discourse functions of SFCs are dismissing, criticizing, and/or complaining. It is hoped that this exploratory and preliminary study contributes to the studies of modality, the scalar nature of idiomaticity and formulaicity, and the status of the concept of construction in CCG sense for Turkish and cross-linguistically. It is believed that Turkish lexicography and pedadogy can benefit from giving a more central role to semi-fixed constructions.
Classifier constructions of Turkish
This dissertation addresses three interrelated issues concerning classifier constructions in Turkish: (i) semantics of bare noun phrases, (ii) the function of classifiers and syntactic constituency of classifier constructions, and (iii) syntax and semantics of number marking. Regarding the first issue, it is argued that Turkish bare noun phrases denote properties of entities but are inherently ambiguous with respect to whether they take kind or object entities as their domains. With respect to the second issue, it is argued that classifiers serve to restrict the ambiguous domain to object individuals only. Syntactically, a measure phrase is proposed which hosts classifiers and measure words in its head position and numerals in its specifier position. The resulting constituent, a property-denoting µP, is then applied to nouns predicatively or attributively through adjunction. It is demonstrated in particular that µP only combines with number-neutral bare nouns. As for the third issue, it is demonstrated that number specification in Turkish is relevant for DPs only, and is expressed in the φP that projects above the DP. Sub-DPs are shown to lack number specification. Number markers on bare nouns are uninterpretable agreement reflexes which must be checked against interpretable counterparts in the φP or in some other functional head. As they lack number specification, sub-DPs always receive a number-neutral reading, and thus are restricted to contexts which can handle such interpretations. DPs, on the other hand, can never receive number-neutral readings. Overall, the proposed number system is shown to have a broader empirical coverage crosslinguistically.
Voice in Istanbul Greek
The present thesis aims at analyzing the language spoken by one of the oldest communities in Istanbul: the Istanbul Greeks (Constantinopolites or the "Rums"). As a morphosyntactic analysis of Istanbul Greek, this research is the first of its kind, and is centered upon data collected from Istanbul Greeks regarding language use. Of course, this thesis focuses on a special aspect of morphosyntax, which is Voice related constructions in Istanbul Greek, such as anticausatives and passives. After an introductory chapter on the sociolinguistics of the Istanbul Greek community, the thesis proceeds with a theoretical discussion of Voice related constructions in Standard Greek, and ends with the analysis of Istanbul Greek data in terms of anticausative and passive constructions. This thesis centers upon language contact between Istanbul Greek and Turkish as a possible reason for the dialectal differences between Istanbul Greek and Standard Greek.
Negative polarity kimse and free choice bir kimse: A unified semantic analysis
The goal of the present dissertation is a semantic study of the Turkish expression Kimse and; specifically, a unified analysis of two apparently distinct Polarity Sensitive Items, namely Negative Polarity and Free Choice Kimse. I show that Kimse is a "Polarity Sensitive" (PS) item with a dual nature. Specifically, I observe that bare Kimse acts like a Negative Polarity Item (NPI) but Kimse preceded by the indefinite determiner Bir 'a(n)' is an existential Free Choice (-FC) Item. In his analysis of similar phenomena, Chierchia (2013) argues that NPIs and FCIs must belong to a linguistically uniform class and, for that matter, fairly widespread class and proposes a unified analysis of Free choice and Negative Polarity in a variety of Germanic and Romance languages as well as some Slavic ones, namely an Alternative and Exhaustification-based Approach (AEA henceforth). Extending this theory to the dual nature of Kimse, I provide additional support to the idea that Polarity Sensitivity and Free Choice phenomena are related.
The causative-inchoative alternation in Turkish sign language and the age-of-acquisition effects on complex clauses
This study aims to describe the causatives-inchoative alternation in Turkish Sign Language and to discuss the age-of-acquisition effects on multi-predicative constructions observed as both causative and inchoative clauses. The discussion extends itself to remarks on the structure of alternating verbs and serial verb constructions. I present and discuss the results of three tasks: a picture-description task, a picture matching task, and an acceptability judgment task. The results obtained from these tasks reveal that (i) the causative-inchoative alternation in Turkish Sign Language is attested both as labile alternation and classifier alternation, which is mostly compatible with previous accounts on this phenomenon in sign languages; however, Turkish Sign Language provides data that cannot be accounted for by Benedicto & Brentari's (2004) account that directly links classifier handshapes and transitivity; (ii) both causative and inchoative clauses seem to have complex event structures; (iii) the structure of serial verb constructions seem to be of a mono-clausal nature; (iv) there seems to be no significant age of acquisition effects on preferring labile alternation or classifier alternation to mark the causative-inchoative alternation; yet (v) producing more complex clauses, i.e. serial verb constructions, appear to be an early acquisition group tendency.
A uniform account of personal and impersonal passives in Turkish
In the literature, the general assumption is that passives of unaccusative predicates, and therefore passives of passives, or double passives are cross-linguistically unavailable. Current theories of syntax and semantics rule out such constructions in various ways. The most recent advancement in this endeavor is to suggest that passivization is necessarily restricted to the Voice domain, which is only available to unergative and (di)transitive structures. However, Turkish systematically allows both passives of unaccusative predicates and double passives, which we argue to pose a serious problem to the syntactic and semantic theory because current theories are founded on the premise that such constructions are prohibited. In this thesis, we will show that passive clauses are not derived from their active counterparts. More specifically, we will suggest that passive clauses are formed with items merged from the passive domain. This domain may consist of more than one passive head, subject to different licensing conditions in a language or may not be available for independent reasons. Hence, we argue that some languages may allow passives of unaccusatives and double passives if they fulfill these conditions. Particularly, we will argue that the head not merged in the active structure may be compensated for in the passive domain. However, if a head must somehow be projected before the passive domain, its corresponding passive form cannot be merged in the passive domain because it would cause two predicates of the same semantic contribution to be present in the same structure.
Negation in Pazar Laz
This thesis aims to give a detailed description of the four different negation particles in Pazar Laz which are va(r), vati, mot and moto. I demonstrate how the selection of the negator in matrix clauses is carried out according the tense and mood of the negated predicate. I show that while var is used to negate predicates in past and present tense in indicative mood, vati is used to negate sentences in future tense as well as to negate epistemic readings. The negator mot negates predicates in optative/hortative constructions and prohibitive mood. Finally, I argue that the negator moto should be considered a separate negation morpheme, considering that it has a distinct distribution from mot and behaves differently from all other negators with regard to affirmative preverbs. I also touch on certain negation asymmetries which cause structural differences between affirmative and negative sentences. I demonstrate three different subtypes of asymmetry for Pazar Laz: A/Cat/TAM, A/NonReal and A/Emph. Considering that Pazar Laz showcases counterarguments to the correlation between emphatic marking and negation, I argue that A/Emph asymmetry should not be categorized as a separate asymmetry subtype. I look into the distribution of the negators in non-finite and finite complement clauses. I draw attention to several unexpected patterns found in complement clauses. First of all, I show that contrary to what has been shown in matrix clauses, the negator var can be used to negate future tense. Moreover, both var and vati can co-occur with the modality marker -ere. I also show that contrary to what has been claimed before, the placement of the negators with respect to the subordinator na is much more flexible.
Ladino'da aplikatifler
This thesis explores how non-core arguments are licensed in Ladino/Judeo Espanyol (JE), a minority language spoken in Turkey by the Sephardic Jews. The language has been in contact with Turkish since the settlement of the Jewish immigrants coming from Spain by the end of the XVth century. We studied low applicative structures in JE with a focus on possessor applicatives. According to our findings, JE does not license the applied arguments below the VP layer except for some frozen expressions, hence the structure is more in line with high applicatives. When the language codes possession or recipients through applicatives, it is restricted to animates therefore it includes also the semantics of affectedness. Another phenomenon observed in JE is that in possessor applicatives the possessor is marked with dative and genitive case interchangeably. In our view this might be a linguistic change towards the merging of dative and genitive case in JE.
Türkçe mimler ve mim kullanıcıları: Yapılan dil oyunları çerçevesinde belirtisellik ve kimlik
Internet memes have been a considerable point of interest to their users ever since their widespread recognition on social media channels. These digital items often come in different shapes and formats, varying from simple texts accompanying images to complex video edits and audiovisual tokens. Recently, memes have started to appear in linguistics studies (George, 2020; Vasquez and Aslan, 2021, Yus, 2020) where their text-over-image properties proved to be significant in terms of indexicality and identity construction, language play, and the pragmatics of incongruity resolutions. This thesis aims to contribute to what has been discussed in the literature, with a selection of additional language play strategies observed in memes and Caps in Turkish social media. In addition to these language play strategies, an analysis utilizing the Indexicality Framework (Eckert, 2008; Silverstein, 2003) was used to demonstrate the complex meaning-making processes of memes, as well as the identity construction via the use of text and imagery. The second part of this thesis involves a practice-oriented approach to the communities that make and consume memes on social media. For this part, the Community of Practice framework (Eckert and McConnell-Ginet, 1999; Meyerhoff and Strycharz, 2013; Wenger, 1998) was utilized to demonstrate how certain affordances of social media channels allow for different practices that form within the meme communities. Furthermore, the member practices were shown to demonstrate the membership and identity construction within the meme communities.
Semantics and syntax of herhangi bir: An alternative-based approach to Turkish polarity items
The aim of this study is two-fold. First, I present a description of the complex behavior of the Turkish polarity sensitive item herhangi bir. Then, based on the picture that emerged, I provide a unified analysis that accounts for the semantic and syntactic properties that connects herhangi bir with both free choice items and negative polarity items. I adopt an alternative-based framework that has been proposed by Chierchia (2013), who links polarity sensitivity to obligatorily active alternatives. Within this framework, all NPIs and FCIs are analyzed with respect to the same alternative set, and parametric variation is handled with simple switches to the basic elements of the framework, such as the position of the modal, the mode of exhaustification, the subset of alternatives that needs to be exhaustified. The analysis indicates that associating restricted distribution of herhangi bir to obligatorily activated alternatives that require either a downward entailing context or a modal context to be exhaustified consistently can explain the dual nature of herhangi bir and its tie with other polarity sensitive items such as the pure NPI hiç 'at all' and pure FCI herhangi n.
Early morpho-orthographic decomposition in Persian simple verbs
A prevalent problem in psycholinguistic studies is lack of cross-linguistic evidence to evaluate models of language processing and production. Studies of morphological processing of written words suffer from the same issue. Most of these studies were conducted on Latin-based alphabets. The primary purpose of this thesis was to assess the findings in studies of morphological processing of written words in Persian, an under-studied language with a different writing system. This study also aimed to investigate the extent of early morpho-orthographic processing during which even pseudo-complex words like 'corner' are decomposed into 'corn' and 'er', in the same way that 'farmer' is decomposed into 'farm' and 'er'. An additional aim of the study was to test the predictions of different theories of written word processing, in particular the sub-lexical and supra-lexical accounts as well as the Edge-aligned Embedded Word Activation Model and the Full Decomposition Model. The results of a masked priming lexical decision task point towards a form-based decomposition mechanism that manages to access the root in suffixed inflected verb forms with identical stems as well as inflected verb forms with an identical stem where the stem was embedded between a prefix and a suffix. However, inflected verb forms whose stems were not identical to that of the target did not yield any priming effects. These findings lend support to the sub-lexical theories of morphological processing.
Multinomial processing tree models of the recent accounts of the processing of noncanonical word order sentences
This study investigates the predictions of the retrieval and the parsing accounts of the processing of noncanonical word order sentences by implementing their suggestions in multinomial processing tree (MPT) models (Riefer & Batchelder, 1988). MPT models allow the estimation of probabilities of unobservable and hypothesized cognitive events or states using categorical data, and an analysis of the predictions and the technical properties of these models can provide information as to how accounts of cognitive processes can be improved. Recent literature has identified systematic performance decrease in the agent/patient naming task, among other types of experimental tasks, when comprehenders were faced with noncanonical word order sentences (Ferreira, 2003; Bader & Meng, 2018). The retrieval account (Bader & Meng, 2018; Meng & Bader, 2021), suggests that this decrease in performance is caused by problems with the cue-based retrieval operation triggered by the task probes, whereas the parsing account (Ferreira, 2003; Christianson, Luke & Ferreira, 2010) suggests that the decrease in performance is caused by misinterpretation. We developed multiple MPT models that reflect the assumptions of these two accounts and fitted these to the data from the first experiment of Meng and Bader (2021). We found that the retrieval account is more eligible for adaptation into an MPT structure than the parsing account, and that the parsing account needed deeper revision of its assumptions.
Pragmatics of impersonal pronouns in Turkish
Impersonal pronouns are pronouns without specific, identifiable real-world referents. It is established in the literature that they are used to convey generalizable claims while expressing a certain degree of subjectivity at the same time. Relatively few works, however, study how the use of impersonal pronouns relates to the flow of the discourse and the identity of the speakers. This thesis aims to investigate how Turkish utilizes its six impersonal pronouns interactionally, which are sen/siz 'you', onlar 'they', biz 'we', insan 'human', adam 'man'. In order to achieve this goal, 11 hours of recorded data is analyzed in terms of stance-taking, positioning and narrative analysis. The first finding is that impersonal pronouns, with the exception of impersonal-biz, are used to take predictable affective stances—the pronouns sen and insan are used to take positive stances; adam and onlar negative. Secondly, impersonal pronouns are found to position the speakers in numerous ways including being more knowledgeable, morally superior, and disadvantaged. Because of their stance-taking and positioning properties, Turkish impersonal pronouns are frequently encountered in the orientation and evaluation parts of the narratives. Additionally, if there is an antagonist-protagonist dichotomy in the narrative, speakers utilize Turkish impersonal pronouns in order to position themselves on the side of the protagonist and away from the antagonist. Consequently, in this research, it is shown for Turkish that impersonal pronouns not only put forward generalizable claims but also deliver what the speakers like and dislike and where they position themselves in terms of knowledge and morality.
Agreement attraction in Turkish
In this thesis, I investigate the existing agreement attraction effects in Turkish and how these effects interact with various phenomenon such as (i) case syncretism and local ambiguity, (ii) form heuristics, (iii) response bias, and (iv) honorific readings. Previous studies have shown that speakers occasionally find ungrammatical sentences violating number agreement acceptable when there is another noun sharing same number with the verb, in other words exhibited agreement attraction. Lago et al. (2019) found that genitive-possessive structures were able to induce agreement attraction effects within native Turkish speakers in a speeded acceptability experiment. However, due to the nature of the Turkish and acceptability studies, there are multiple alternative explanations for the existing effects. This thesis aims to weed out possible confounds and clarify the effects by conducting four speeded acceptability judgment experiments. We showed (i) that case-ambiguity on the head noun does not play a role in Turkish agreement attraction (Experiment 1, N=118), (ii) that participants do not use form-driven-processing-strategies to answer judgment questions (Experiments 2A, N=80, and 2B, N=95), (iii) that response bias induced ungrammaticality illusion and only decreased the magnitude of grammaticality illusion (Experiment 3, N=114), and (iv) that a possible honorific reading does not license superfluous plural marking at the verb (Experiment 4, N=174). Together, our results challenge cue-based retrieval accounts of agreement attraction and can be accommodated by accounts that assume attraction occurs due to erroneous encodings.
Turkish as a heritage language: Diachronic change and synchronic variation of Turkish in the United Kingdom
In this study, I investigate certain morpho-syntactic changes emerging in Turkish spoken as a heritage language in the United Kingdom. I mainly focus on object pronoun use and the use of the plural marker -lAr both on verbs and nouns in this variety, based on data collected from members of the Turkish community in the United Kingdom. First, I show that Turkish heritage speakers tend not to omit direct objects even in environments in which they are judged redundant or optional by the baseline speakers, native speakers of Turkish in Turkey. Second, I reveal that heritage speakers of Turkish prefer plural marking on nouns even when the latter are modified by quantifiers and numerals - configurations that are judged in the literature as ungrammatical in Standard Modern Turkish. Third, I present that the same speakers use -lAr as third person plural marker in their natural speech more than the baseline speakers, overriding certain strong tendencies in Standard Modern Turkish, such as a tendency to omit -lAr when the controller is a nonhuman or inanimate plural subject. I claim that these differences cannot be wholesale attributed to one or the other mechanisms of change. Instead, I argue that there are different motivating factors for these changes, which are mainly the dominant language transfer effect, silence and distance problems in binding, complex structure avoidance, and the tendency to adopt a more regularized and analytic structure.
Türkçede tamlayan durumu
This thesis explores the syntactic contexts with a genitive case in Turkish. The genitive case in Turkish occurs with the pronominal complements of a set of postpositions, on possessors and the subjects of embedded clauses. The genitive case with postpositions differs from the genitive case in other positions and is identified as a lexical case due to being idiosyncratic. The distinctive allomorphy patterns of the lexical genitive case presented in this thesis point to a further division between the two contexts. Considering the syntactic and behavioral differences between the lexical and the structural genitive case, it is claimed that the genitive case with postpositions is a different case from the genitive case in other positions. The genitive case on possessors and the subjects of embedded clauses are analyzed as an unmarked case in Turkish. It is argued that the structural genitive case can only occur at Spec, DP. Following this argument, the subject case alternation in the embedded clauses is discussed. It is observed that the embedded clauses occur with nominative subjects when they combine with certain postpositions. Building on this observation, it is suggested that the embedded clauses are headed by Ds, which differ in their phrasal properties, and that the postpositions select the type of D they combine with. Overall, this thesis defines two kinds of genitive cases in Turkish and discusses the morphosyntactic conditions for realizing each.
Türkçe'de argo-olumsuz olumsuzlama
This thesis examines the squatitive negation forms (Horn, 2001) in Turkish in order to provide a linguistic description and an explanation of their discourse functions. Squatitives are negation forms that are non-canonical with distinctive interactional properties. Turkish has three grammatical negation forms: i. substantive predicate 'değil', ii. verbal suffix '/-mA/', iii. existential predicate 'yok'. Given the existence of these exhaustively productive negation forms, why there is a need for another form of negation is a question that has to be discussed. The answer lies in the interactional nature of language. Squatitive negation forms typically include a taboo or swear word such as nah and b*k inserted into a sentence and this taboo word changes the polarity of the sentence. Structurally, squatitives display certain constraints: i. they cannot be embedded, ii. they cannot occur in questions, and iii. they cannot license NPIs, which raises questions about their status as polarity items. Interactionally, squatitives require an antecedent utterance (usually by another speaker) which they repeat and change its polarity. While doing that, they function to display the speaker's stance with purposes such as challenging or refuting the interlocutor's preceding utterance. Following Berman's (2005) discourse stance framework, I claim that squatitive forms most frequently mark attitude stance, in particular, affective stance based on 84 tokens collected from Turkish National Corpus and TS Corpus.
A paradigm gap in Turkish
In this thesis, I report a paradigm gap in the agreement paradigm of desiderative constructions formed with the suffix -(y)AsI in Turkish. I argue that 3PL agreeing desiderative verbs are defective by providing empirical evidence from an acceptability judgment experiment (N = 181) and corpus frequencies. To explain the existence of the gap, I first provide an analogy-based account which states that base identification procedure within the paradigm fails to reliably select a base for producing the 3PL desiderative form. That is, I argue that there is a competition between two surface forms that are both attested in speaker productions due to indeterminacy of base identification. Then, I provide an alternative account that can explain the gap in the framework of Distributed Morphology. Comparing these two accounts, I argue that the analogy-based account is better suited than a Distributed Morphology account to explain the gap in the light of the empirical findings. Besides the desiderative gap, I also discuss other gaps in the paradigm of associative plural constructions in Turkish that require different analyses. Using the tools of Distributed Morphology in this case, I argue that these gaps can be best explained with a combination of a local dislocation operation and a ban on the adjacency of two plural features. Considering the different kind of gaps reported for Turkish throughout the thesis, I suggest that our morphological models should allow for both probabilistic and deterministic generalizations.
De Re De Dicto ambiguities in Turkish: Disambiguation by LLMs and processing by humans
This study aims to investigate De Re De Dicto ambiguities in Turkish from different points of views: Formal semantics, computational linguistics and psycholinguistics. From the formal semantics perspective, a survey of different accounts that aim to explain compositional semantics of De Re De Dicto ambiguities is provided. With free word order and optionally non-overt accusative marker interacting with information structure, Turkish poses an interesting case for De Re De Dicto ambiguities as their resolution is closely tied to many factors: Discourse and non-discourse elements in the conversational context, information structure, world knowledge, and belief states of the utterer. From the computational linguistics perspective, a challenge data set in Turkish for natural language inference (NLI) is offered to test swiftly growing large language models' (LLMs) abilities in recognizing syntactic and morphological cues along with the world knowledge. For this purpose, a seed data of 743 sentence triplets were manually created and annotated by native speakers: One potentially De Re De Dicto ambiguous sentence, one De Re paraphrase and one De Dicto paraphrase. Then this seed data was augmented using a natural language augmentation algorithm specifically created for this task. An experiment was conducted to assess probing abilities of CNLI-TR and compare it with NLI-TR, the only other available NLI data set for Turkish. From the psycholinguistics perspective, a self-paced reading experiment was conducted to investigate whether theoretical claims that De Re is "harder" to compositionally derive hold from a sentence processing perspective. Following disambiguating contexts, participants were shown De Re De Dicto ambiguous sentences and were asked comprehension questions targeting specific readings parallel to disambiguating contexts. Reading time of De Re De Dicto ambiguous sentences and response time of comprehension questions were compared across disambiguating contexts to explore whether there was a significant and credible processing difference.
Türkçe konuşmada akıcısızlık: Psikodilbilimsel bir inceleme
Bu çalışmanın amacı anadili Türkçe olan konuşmacılarda gözlemlenen dolu durak, tereddüt, uzatma, yanlış başlangıç, dil sürçmesi, tekrar türü konuşma akıcısızlıklarının yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi ve konuşma durumu (hazırlıklı/hazırlıksız) değişkenlerine göre farklılıklar gösterip göstermediğini analiz etmektir. Çalışma, İzmir ve Eskişehir illerinde yaşayan toplam 84 katılımcı ile yapılmıştır. Katılımcılar 4-8, 18-23, 33-50 ve 50 üzeri olmak üzere 4 yaş grubuna ayrılmış, grupların cinsiyet dağılımı eşit olarak düzenlenmiştir. 33-50 ve 50 üzeri yaş grubu katılımcılar eğitim düzeylerine göre iki alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Her katılımcının en az 300 sözcükten oluşan konuşma örnekleri yüz yüze görüşmeler vasıtasıyla toplanmış ve çevriyazıya dönüştürülmüştür. Toplam 156 adet kayıttan elde edilen veriler Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Testi, Mann-Whitney U Testi ve Kruskal-Wallis Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yaş değişkeni bağlamında; 4-8 yaş grubunun dolu durak haricindeki tüm akıcısızlık türlerini diğer yaş gruplarından daha fazla ürettiği, 50 üzeri yaş grubundakilerin ise tereddüt ve uzatma türü akıcısızlık üretiminin 18-23 ve 33-50 yaş grubu katılımcılardan daha fazla olduğu ve akıcısızlık üretim miktarlarının 4-8 yaş grubu çocukların akıcısızlık üretim miktarlarına yakın olduğu görülmüştür. Cinsiyet değişkeni bağlamında; 4-8 ve 50 üzeri yaş grubu katılımcıların akıcısızlık üretiminin cinsiyet değişkeninden etkilenmediği, 18-23 ve 33-50 yaş grubu katılımcılarda dolu duraklar ve tekrarlar haricindeki diğer akıcısızlık türlerinin erkeklerde daha fazla görüldüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Eğitim düzeyi arttıkça dolu durak türü akıcısızlıkların arttığı görülmüştür. Diğer akıcısızlık türleri için ise farklı değişkenlerin birbirleriyle etkileşerek akıcısızlık üretimi üzerinde tek tip bir etki yaratmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Konuşma durumu değişkeni bağlamında; uzatma, dil sürçmesi, tekrar türü akıcısızlıkların hazırlıklı konuşmada hazırlıksız konuşmaya kıyasla daha fazla görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Psikodilbilim, Konuşma Üretimi, Konuşma Akıcısızlıkları
Türkçede koşullu yapılar
Dilbilim, psikoloji, felsefe gibi pek çok disiplinin ilgi alanı içinde olan koşullu yapılarda öncül tümce ve sonuç tümcesinin konumlarının bu yapıların söylem işlev(ler)ini belirlediği varsayımına dayanan bu çalışmada, Türkçe koşullu yapıların söylem özellikleri ve işlevleri açısından betimlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda temel varsayımımızı sınamak için `Türkçe koşullu yapılarda öncül tümce/eğer-yantümcesi ve sonuç/anatümcenin konumları nedir?', `Öncül tümce/eğer-yantümcesi ve sonuç/anatümcenin konumlarına göre koşullu yapının işlev(leri) ne(ler)dir?' ve `Öncül ve sonuç tümcelerinin konumlarına göre, koşullu yapının söylem işlevi/işlevleri nelerdir? Bu işlev(ler) söylem bağdaşıklığını nasıl etkilemektedir?' sorularına yanıt aranmıştır. Bu araştırma sorularını yanıtlayabilmek için, planlanmış 8 farklı polisiye romandan oluşan bütünce incelenmiş, İşlevci Yaklaşım çerçevesinde Declerck ve Reed'in (2001) `Koşullu Yapı Yaklaşımı' ve Prince'i (1992) temel alan Chang-Bong'un (2001) çalışmaları doğrultusunda çözümlenmiştir. Çözümlemelerden elde eldilen verilere göre araştırma sorularımızın yanıtları sırasıyla şöyledir:1.Türkçe koşullu yapılarda `öncül tümce + sonuç tümcesi dizilişi' belirtisiz diziliştir.2.Belirtisiz dizilişe göre Türkçe koşullu yapılar en sık tümüyle durum-belirleme işlevini üstlenmekte, bunu da `S-durumunun hangi koşullar altında gerçekleştiğini belirleyen koşullu yapılar' aracılığıyla sağlamaktadır. Buna göre ortaya çıkan sonuç, koşulsal bilginin dinleyicinin/okuyucunun zihninde belirtisiz diziliş sergileyen Türkçe koşullu yapıların üstlendikleri `durum-belirleme işlevi'yle işlemlenebildiğini göstermektedir. Belirtili dizilişe göre ise en sık `kaçınma-Ö koşullu yapıları'nın kodlanmasıyla, Türkçe koşullu yapılar yorumlama işlevi üstlenmekte; konuşucu, sonuç tümcesinin içeriğini öncül tümcenin üstlendiği işlevler aracılığıyla değerlendirmeye sunmaktadır.3.Türkçe koşullu yapılar dizilişlerine pek çok farklı söylem işlevleri üstlenmekte (belirtisiz dizilişte en sık karşıt görüş bildirme ve varsayımsal olasılık önceki savunuyu yineleme, belirtili dizilişte en sık önceki savunuyu yorumlama, yapılması zorunlu görünen bir öneride bulunma, sıra alma stratejisi uygulama) ve üstlendikleri bu söylem işlevlerini `çıkarımsal bilgi, verilmiş bilgi + yeni bilgi' belirtisiz bilgi yapısı dizilişini kodlayarak gerçekleştirmekte ve bu sayede söylem bağdaşıklığının güçlendirilmesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, çalışmamızın başında ortaya koyduğumuz varsayımlar bütünce çözümlemesi sonucunda elde edilen bulgularla doğrulanmıştır.
Türkçe'de ikna söylemi: Sözbilimsel soruların söylem-edimbilimsel işlevleri
Gazete köşe yazıları bağlamında yazarın okuyucuyu ikna etmek için gerçekleştirmeye çalıştığı hamleler, bazı dilsel kodlar, araçlar ya da stratejiler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın konusunu, yazarın okuyucunun düşünce, tutum ve fikrini değiştirmeyi ve kendi düşündüğü yönde okuyucuyu ikna etmeyi amaçladığı Türkçede ikna söyleminde kullanılan dilsel araçlardan biri olan sözbilimsel sorular oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yazarın okuyucuyla kişilerarası ilişkiyi gerçekleştirmeye çalışırken sözbilimsel soruların söylem-edimbilimsel işlevlerinin neler olduğunu belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, sözbilimsel sorular etkili ikna stratejileri olarak ele alınmış ve sözbilimsel soruların söylem-edimbilimsel işlevlerinin neler olduğu sorusuna yanıt aranmıştır. Çalışmanın veri tabanını 5 farklı gazetenin 3 yazarının 4 aylık köşe yazılarından elde edilmiş sözbilimsel sorular oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalar doğrultusunda bu çalışmanın sonucunda veri tabanını oluşturan gazetelerdeki sözbilimsel soruların yazarlar tarafından 7 farklı türde kullanıldıkları saptanmıştır: 1) nedenselliğin metin içinde verildiği sav işlevli sözbilimsel sorular, 2)?nedenselliğin metin içinde verildiği görüş işlevli sözbilimsel sorular?, 3)zıt kutup belirten sözbilimsel sorular, 4)?neden? soru sözcüğü ile belirtilen sözbilimsel sorular, 5)yardımcı sözbilimsel sorular, 6)soruların yanıtlarıyla birlikte verildiği sözbilimsel sorular, 7)tetikleyici sözbilimsel sorular. 7 farklı türdeki sözbilimsel sorular, söylem-edimbilimsel işlevleri açısından değerlendirildiğinde ise 4 farklı işlev ortaya çıkmıştır: 1)düşüngüdüleme işlevi, 2)yönlendirme işlevi, 3)paylaşılan-öznellik işlevi, 4)tetikleme işlevi.