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Fındık kabuğundan hazırlanan aktif karbon ile sulu ortamdan antibiyotik giderimi
Bu tez çalışmasında, fındık kabuğundan elde edilen aktif karbon ile sulu ortamdan sülfametoksazol (SMZ) ve trimetoprim (TMP) antibiyotiklerinin giderimi incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, aktifleştirici olarak KOH ve K2CO3 birlikte kullanılarak fındık kabuğundan aktif karbon hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan aktif karbon BET, FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD ve elementel analiz ile karakterize edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında fındık kabuğundan hazırlanan aktif karbon ile sulu ortamdan SMZ ve TMP antibiyotiklerinin giderimi araştırılmıştır. Aktif karbon ile SMZ ve TMP adsorpsiyonu sürecine çözelti pH'ının, aktif karbon miktarının, temas süresinin, başlangıç antibiyotik konsantrasyonunun ve sıcaklığın etkileri incelenmiştir. SMZ ve TMP adsorpsiyonu için uygun pH değerleri sırasıyla pH 4 ve pH 7 olarak belirlenmiştir. Her iki antibiyotik için başlangıç antibiyotik konsantrasyonunun arttırılmasıyla antibiyotik adsorpsiyon veriminin azaldığı, adsorpsiyon kapasitesinin ise arttığı belirlenmiştir. 10 mg/L başlangıç antibiyotik konsantrasyonunda ve 30 oC sıcaklıkta SMZ ve TMP giderim verimleri sırasıyla %99.2 ve %99.9 olarak bulunmuştır. Maksimum adsorpsiyon verimi ve kapasitesi 50 oC sıcaklıkta elde edilmiştir. 30, 40 ve 50 oC'de her bir antibiyotik için elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar Langmuir ve Freundlich izotermlerine uygulanmıştır. Her iki antibiyotik için Langmuir modelin adsorpsiyon dengesini daha iyi tanımladığı gözlenmiştir. Langmuir modeline göre, 30, 40 ve 50 oC sıcaklıklarda SMZ antibiyotiği için aktif karbonun maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi (qmax) sırasıyla 212.77, 238.09 ve 256.41 mg/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Aynı sıcaklıklarda TMP antibiyotiği için 121.95, 129.87 ve 140.85 mg/g olarak hesaplanmıştır. Aktif karbon ile SMZ ve TMP antibiyotiklerinin adsorpsiyonunda elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar birinci ve ikinci derece kinetik modellerine uygulanarak kinetik sabitleri hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, aktif karbon tarafından SMZ ve TMP adsorpsiyonunun yalancı ikinci dereceden kinetik modeli takip ettiğini göstermiştir. SMZ ve TMP düşük pH şartında birlikte giderimi etkili bir şekilde sağlanmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, fındık kabuğundan hazırlanan aktif karbonun SMZ ve TMP gideriminde etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu aktif karbon, kirlenmiş sulardan SMZ ve TMP'nin etkili bir şekilde uzaklaştırılmasında umut verici bir adsorbent olarak kullanılabilir.
Antibiyotik toksisitesinin mikrobiyal yakıt hücresi (NHY) tabanlı biyosensör kullanarak tespiti
Antibiyotikler, insan ve hayvanlarda bakteriyel enfeksiyonların tedavisinde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan antimikrobiyal ilaçlardır. Antibiyotiklerin dünya genelinde kullanımının giderek artması sonucunda bu bileşikler atıksu arıtma tesislerine ulaşmakta ve aktif çamur prosesinin performansını etkilemektedir. Biyolojik arıtma tesislerinde erken uyarı sistemleri toksik bileşiklerin saptanması için kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu tez çalışmasında üç farklı tetrasiklin antibiyotiklerinin (terasikilin, klortetrasiklin ve oksitetrasiklin) mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki toksik etkisinin mikrobiyal yakıt hücresi (MYH) tabanlı biyosensörler kullanılarak tespiti araştırılmıştır. MYH reaktörlerine enjekte edilen antibiyotik konsantrasyonu 0.25-50 ppm aralığında olacak şekilde ayarlanmıştır. Söz konusu antibiyotik konsantrasyonları altında MYH reaktörünün performansı detaylı bir şekilde araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları MYH sistemine enjekte edilen antibiyotik konsantrasyonu ile MYH'nin güç üretiminde meydana gelen inhibisyon oranı arasında korelasyonun mevcut olduğunu göstermiştir. En yüsek toksik etki klortetrasiklin antibiyotiğinde meydana gelmiştir. Diğer taraftan, antibiyotik konsantrasyonunun artışı ile biyofim direncinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. İşletme süresi sonunda anot yüzeyinden alınan SEM görüntülerinde az sayıda bakterinin varlığına rastlanmıştır. Ayrıca membran yüzeyinde yüksek miktarda bir çökelti tabakasının mevcut olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar MYH tabanlı biyosensörlerin antibiyotiklerin tespiti için kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.
Çoklu tetrasiklin grubu karışımının hidrojen ve oksijene dayalı membran biyofilm reaktörlerinde giderimi
Tetrasiklin antibiyotikler (TCs) yaygın olarak insan tedavisi, hayvan tedavisi ve tarımda kullanılan geniş spektrumlu antimikrobiyal bileşiklerdir. Bu çalışmada hem H2'ye hem de O2'ye dayalı MBfR'larda eş zamanlı tetrasiklin, oksitetrasiklin, klortetrasiklin ve azotlu bileşiklerin giderimi çalışılmıştır. Hidrojene dayalı MBfR'da eş zamanlı olarak TC, OTC, CTC ve NO-3 giderimi çalışılırken, oksijene dayalı MBfR' de eş zamanlı olarak TC, OTC, CTC ve NH4 giderimi çalışılmıştır. Reaktörler 4 psi gaz basıncında ve 1-10 saat arasında değişen HRT' lerde işletilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma sonuçlarına göre antibiyotik giderim verimleri, akı değerleri, hidrojen ve oksijen eşdeğer akıları hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre H2-MBfR' de 10 saatlik HRT' de antibiyotik giderim oranları TC, OTC ve CTC için sırasıyla %93, % 91 ve % 99 olarak bulunmuştur. HRT 5 saate düşürüldüğünde giderim oranları sırasıyla % 66, % 69 ve % 91 'e düşmüştür ve HRT 1 saate alındığında antibiyotik giderim oranları belirgin düşüşler göstererek TC, OTC ve CTC için sırasıyla % 14, % 24, % 42 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Akı değerleri 10 saatlik hidrolik bekleme süresinde ortalama TC akısı 2,23 mg/m2.gün, ortalama OTC akısı 2,52 mg/m2.gün ve ortalama CTC akısı 2,87 mg/m2.gün olarak bulunmuştur. 1 saatlik HRT değerinde akı ve hidrojen eşdeğer akıları artış göstererek TC, OTC ve CTC ortalama akıları sırası ile 4,08 mg/m2.gün, 6,72 mg/m2.gün, 12,12 mg/m2.gün olarak bulunmuştur. O2-MBfR' de yapılan çalışma sonuçlarına göre ortalama TC giderim verimi %53, ortalama OTC giderim verimi %55, ortalama CTC giderim verimi % 71 olarak bulunmuştur. 5 saatlik hidrolik bekleme süresinde TC, OTC ve CTC ortalama giderim verimleri sırası ile % 21, % 37 ve % 45 olarak bulunmuştur. HRT 1 saate düşürüldüğünde giderim verimleri daha da kötüleşerek % 7, % 24 ve % 32 olarak bulunmuştur.10 saatlik hidrolik bekleme süresinde çoklu antibiyotik karışımındaki ortalama TC akısı 1,57 mg/m2.gün, ortalama OTC akısı 1,61 mg/m2.gün ve ortalama CTC akısı 2,08 mg/m2.gün bulunmuştur. 1 saatlik HRT değerinde ise TC, OTC ve CTC ortalama akıları sırası ile 1,92 mg/m2.gün, 7,08 mg/m2.gün, 9,36 mg/m2.gün olarak bulunmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Membrane Biofilm Reactor, Tetrasiklin, Oksitetrasikline, Klortetrasikline, Giderim Akısı, Eşdeğer Akı
Pseudomonas fluorescens (NRRL B-2641) bakterisi kullanılarak lipaz üretimi
Bu çalışmada, bir gram (-) bakteri olan Pseudomonas fluorescens kullanılarak kesikli fermantasyon ile hücre dışı lipaz enzim üretimi gerçekleştirilmiş ve enzim üretimi üzerine ortam parametrelerinin etkisi incelenmiştir.Araştırmanın ilk bölümünde; sentetik fermantasyon ortamında kullanılan karbon ve azot kaynakları ile iz elementler değiştirilmiş ve optimum enzim üretim ortamı belirlenmiştir. Fermantasyon ortamına eklenen farklı karbon kaynakları içerisinde en yüksek aktivite %1 mısır yağı konsantrasyonunda elde edilmiştir. Farklı azot kaynağı konsantrasyonlarında P.fluorescens, organik azot kaynaklarında hem daha iyi büyüme hem de daha yüksek aktivite göstermiştir. Azot kaynakları içerisinde en yüksek aktivite % 0.4 pepton içeren fermantasyon ortamında bulunmuştur. Daha sonra fermentasyon ortamında bulunan fosfat konsantrasyonu değiştirilmiş ve en yüksek aktivite % 0.1 KH2PO4 ve K2HPO4 içeren ortamda elde edilmiştir. İyonlarının etkisini incelemek için Ca2+ ve Na+ iyonları kullanılmış ve % 0.03 CaCl2.2H2O içeren fermantasyon ortamında enzim aktivitesi yükselmiştir. Optimize edilen fermantasyon ortamında (% 1 mısır yağı, % 0.4 pepton, % 0.1 KH2PO4, % 0.1 K2HPO4, % 0.0005 MgSO4.7H2O, % 0.03 CaCl2.2H2O) en yüksek aktivite 3.425 U/mL olarak bulunmuştur.Optimize edilen fermantasyon ortamında (CaCl2.2H2O kullanılmadan); karbon kaynağı olarak atık kızartma yağların kullanıldığı ortamda, en yüksek enzim aktiviteleri patates ve tatlı kızartılmış atık yağlar için sırasıyla, 3.850 ve 3.975 U/mL olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuç, atık kızartma yağlarının enzim üretimi için daha etkin bir substrat olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca fermantasyon ortamında bulunan yağ asitleri analiz edilmiş ve yağ asitlerinin P.fluorescens'in kullanımı sonucu zamanla azaldığı gözlenmiştir.Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde; karbon kaynağı olarak bir katı substrat olan ayçekirdeği küspesi kullanılmış ve P.fluorescens'in lipaz enzimi üretilebilirliği araştırılmıştır. Mikroorganizmanın fermantasyon ortamı; musluk suyu, % 10 ayçekirdeği küspesi ve % 1 pepton içerdiği zaman maksimum 6.100 U/mL lipaz enzimi ürettiği belirlenmiştir. Doğal bir substrat olan ayçekirdeği küspesi kullanıldığında enzim aktivitesinin arttığı görülmüştür.Çalışmanın son aşamasında, laboratuar ölçekli 6 L hacmindeki biyoreaktör kullanılarak, farklı karıştırma ve hava akış hızlarında; enzim aktivitesi, sıvı faz hacimsel kütle transfer katsayıları (kLa) ve oksijen tüketim hızları (ro) hesaplanmış, en yüksek aktivite 0.32 vvm hava akış hızı ve 350 rpm karıştırma hızında, 2.350 U/mL olarak bulunmuştur. Bu ortamda en yüksek kLa ve ro değerleri ise sırasıyla 0.0423 s-, 0.0273 mg/L/s olarak elde edilmiştir. Biyoreaktörde gerçekleştirilen üretimlerde hava ve karıştırma hızları ile enzim miktarının arttığı, dolayısıyla da lipaz üretim prosesinde oksijen transferlerinin önemli olduğu görülmüştür.
Ultrasonik ve fenton yöntemleri kullanılarak sulardan renk giderimi
Nüfus artışı ve teknolojik gelişmelerden dolayı çevre kirliliği gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Günümüzde çevre kirliliğine sebep olan spesifik kirleticilerinden biri de boyarmaddelerdir. Boyarmadde içeren atık sular, alıcı ortama deşarj edildiğinde su ortamında ışığın geçirgenliğini azaltarak fotosentetik aktiviteyi olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca bazı sucul organizmalarda birikmesi sonucu toksik ve kanserojenik ürünler meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada boyarmaddelerden biri olan Reaktif Siyah 5 (RS5) 40 mg/L derişim değerinde ultrases (US), Fenton (Fe+H2O2) ve US/Fenton reaksiyonlarına tabi tutulmuştur. Renk giderim verimleri araştırılmış ve en iyi renk giderim veriminin yakalandığı şartlarda reaksiyonların Toplam Organik Karbon (TOK) değerleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca suda bulunan SO4-2, HCO3- ve NO3- iyonlarının ve N2 gazının renk giderime etkisi araştırılmıştır. Son olarak da yüksek derişimin sisteme olan etkisini görmek amacıyla 100 mg/L derişim değerine sahip RS5 boyarmaddesiyle 40 mg/L RS5 için belirlenmiş optimum şartlarda ultrases (US), Fenton (Fe+H2O2) ve US/Fenton reaksiyonlarında renk giderim verimleri ve TOK değerleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda 40 mg/L derişime sahip RS5 boyarmaddesi için Fenton reaksiyonunda %91,55; US/Fenton reaksiyonunda %93,59 renk giderim verimi elde edilmiştir. 100 mg/L RS5 için ise Fenton reaksiyonunda % 91,50; US/Fenton reaksiyonunda %92,56 giderim verimi elde edilmiştir.
Elektrokimyasal arıtım ile emamectin benzoate giderimi
Dünya nüfusunun artması ve artan sanayileşmenin bir sonucu olarak iklim koşulları değişmekte, yağışlar azalmakta ve temiz su kaynakları tükenmektedir. Kaynakları korumanın yanı sıra, kullanılmış ve kirlenmiş suların yeniden kullanılabilir hale getirilmesi, doğanın sürekliliğinin sağlanabilmesi için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Yapılan literatür çalışmasında tarım ilaçları ile kirlenmiş suların arıtımında bir ileri oksidasyon prosesi olan elektrokimyasal arıtımın yüksek verim sağladığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada aktif maddesi emamectin benzoate olan, larvaların sinir uyarılarını engelleyerek larvaları yok eden bir pestisitin atıksudan elektrokimyasal yöntem ile giderilmesi uygulanmıştır. Optimum şartların sağlanması için deneysel değişkenler araştırılmış ve en iyi KOI giderim veriminin % 83 ile hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) ve sodyum sülfat (Na2SO4) ilavesinde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Uygulamanın geleneksel atıksu arıtma yöntemlerine göre maliyet, zaman ve giderim verimi açısından daha uygun olduğu öngörülmektedir.
Minimization of excess sludge production
Large amounts of waste sludge are produced with the removal of biodegradable compounds and organic or inorganic matter in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants for disposal. It is expected that, in near future, sludge production and the regulation limits for disposal alternatives cause an increase in costs for sludge disposal. The current approach to sludge minimization is the reduction of volume of wet sludge and the reduction of dry mass of sludge. The volume of wet sludge for disposal is reduced significantly with the increase of the sludge solid content by dewatering. The reduction of dry mass of sludge leads to the reduction of solid content and volume and this strategy should be fovoured, beause it allows the immediate reduction of sludge dry mass during its production in the biological treatment stage.The fundamental aim of this thesis is the reduction of sludge production during the biological treatment. All of the techniques for sludge reduction described in this thesis suitable for implementation during the wastewater treatment plants, not after the sludge production, often by retrofitting the specific additional equipment. Two of these techniques were carried out experimentally and evaluated within the scope of this thesis. The effectiveness of ozonation integrated in activated sludge process and oxic-settling anaerobic (OSA) process were investigated on sludge reduction, especially.In the first stage of the study, Box-Behnken Statistical Design Program was used in order to determine the optimum operational conditions. Optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT), solid retention time (SRT) and initial COD (CODi) values for maximum COD removal were determined as 25 h, 25 d and 400 mg/L, respectively. After the determination of optimum operational conditions of activated sludge process, two systems were operated in parallel under these optimum conditions during 45 days until the steady state conditions and the effluent quality and sludge properties of the systems were monitored. When the steady-state conditions were reached, specific batch tests were carried out in order to investigate the biodegradability of disintegrated sludge and determine optimum ozone dose prior to the modification with the addition of ozonation unit to one of the activated sludge process. Optimum ozone dose for return activated sludge disintegration was determined as 0.05 gO3/gTS in terms of disintegration degree with 56.2 %. The higher doses improved disintegration degree, slightly.After the ozone dose optimization study, the effectiveness of partial ozonation of return activated sludge was investigated for the minimization of excess sludge production using ozonation coupled with activated sludge process in two stages. In the first stage of the ozonation, in ozonated system, 10 % of return activated sludge (0.1 QR) was ozonated every day during a month with optimum ozone dose and recirculated to the aeration tank. No excess sludge was withdrawn from the ozonation coupled with activated sludge process. The other activated sludge system was remained unmodified and operated as a control run with optimum operational conditions. Excess sludge was withdrawn every day due to SRT. 43 % observed sludge yield (Yobs) reduction could be achieved in ozone run during the operation period. At he the end of the operation, the 56 % of Yobs reduction was observed in ozone system compared to control system. In ozone run, the effluent quality was weakened slightly in term of COD and NH4-N removal. Sludge settling properties represented by SVI was improved in ozone run. Ozone run had lower dewaterability characteristics with higher CST values. The filterability of sludge was lower in ozone run than control run in terms of SRF.In the second stage of the ozonation 800 mL of the return sludge corresponded to 20 % of of the return activated sludge (0.2 QR) was ozonated with optimum ozone dose. 73 % Yobs reduction could be achieved in ozone run during the operation period. At the end of the operation, the 62 % of Yobs reduction was observed in ozone run compared to control run. The effluent quality was weakned slightly in term of COD and NH4-N removal in ozone run. Sludge settling properties was improved in ozone run in terms of SVI. Lower dewaterability characteristics in ozone run were proved with CST values. The filterability of ozonated sludge was lower than control run in terms of SRF.After the application of ozonation to activated sludge system, one of the system was modified by inserting anoxic tank to comprise OSA system. The other system was remained unmodified as a control system. A specific volume of return activated sludge of OSA system was subjected anaerobic conditions (-250 mV of low ORP level every day. OSA and control system were operated during 45 days. The sludge reduction efficiency and effluent quality were evaluated. After the completion of continuous operation, some batch experiments were conducted in order to investigate sludge reduction mechanisms in OSA process.In OSA system, 62 % reduction efficiency was obtained in yield production in OSA system during the operation. OSA system was also achieved 58 % reduction efficiency of Yobs compared to control run at the end of the operation. It was found that COD concentrations in the effluent in the OSA system were lower than that in the effluent of the control run due to the additional substrates from the anaerobic tank. The NH4-N removal efficiency in OSA system was lower compared to control run during the operation period due to denitrification. The setteability characteristics of sludge was also found better than that of the control system in terms of SVI. Higher CST values were obtained in control system compared to OSA system during the long term operation. It was revealed that the OSA system enhanced the filterability of sludge.In order to investigate the sludge decay theory in OSA sistem, two batch experiments with sludge taken from aeration tank of control and OSA systems were carried out. The aim of the first batch experiment was to investigate the relationship among sludge anaerobic reaction time, sludge lysis and sludge yield. The sludge reduction in terms of Yobs caused by sludge decay in OSA batch reactor was 40 % compared to control batch reactor for the first batch experiment. In the second batch test, the investigation of the energy uncoupling theory was aimed. The sludge reduction in terms of Yobs caused by energy uncoupling in OSA batch reactor was 5 % compared to control batch reactor.When the sludge reduction techniques used in this thesis were compared as modified activated sludge processes; the activated sludge process ozonated of 0.2 QR showed better Yobs reduction efficiency than that the fist stage of ozonation process (ozonation with 0.1QR) and OSA system during the operation period. The effluent quality of control systems were better than that modificated systems in terms of COD and nitrogen removal capacity however, the effluent quality of the modificated systems were at satisfactory level. The sludge characteristics of activated sludge were changed even slightly for some paramaters after the application of sludge minimization techniques.Consequently, the ozonation based on cell lysis-cryptic growth mechanism is an applicable and effective technique integrated to the activated sludge process for the minimization of excess sludge production. Besides, it was revealed that the OSA process especially based on sludge decay and energy uncoupling metabolism can be used as another simple effective method for sludge reduction.Keywords: excess sludge minimization, modification of activated sludge process, ozonation, OSA process.
Inventory of emissions from residential heating in Istanbul
In this study, a local emission inventory for residental heating sources was prepared in the city of Istanbul. The emissions of main pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) were calculated by using emission factors for the winter (November-March) of 2009 - 2010. Spatial distribution maps of the emissions for all pollutants were plotted using a geographical information system (GIS) for a study area of 170 km by 85. Two different fossil fuel types; natural gas and lignite were used in emission calculations. In winter total seasonal consumptions for natural gas and lignite were 2,261,033,334 m3 and 1,228,653 tons, respectively. Total seasonal emissions for SO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CO, VOC, CO2, N2O and CH4 were estimated as 21,429; 8,460; 11,046; 10,883; 127,671; 13,967; 7,130,209; 8,564 and 49 tons, respectively.
Aliağa endüstri bölgesinde Poliklorlu Bifeniller (PCB) ve Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların (PAH) dış hava konsantrasyonlarının yerel ve mevsimsel değişimi
Ambient air samples were collected during the four seasonal (winter, spring, summer, and fall) periods at forty different sampling sites in Aliağa industrial region in İzmir, Turkey. Spatial and seasonal variations of semi-volatile (PAHs and PCBs) toxic organic air pollutants were determined by passive sampling method in 2009 to 2010. Ambient air studies were carried out suburban and urban sites consisted power plant, petroleum refinery, petrochemical industry, several steel plants with arc furnaces, scrap metal and slag storage areas, stack filter dust piles, paved and uppaved roads, coal screening plants, ship dismantling plants and several gas statins and tank fields. Phenanthrene was the most abundant compound at all sites, and all samples were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs. The major PAH sources in the region were observed as steel plants, petroleum refinery, and ship dismantling plants. Atmospheric PAH concentrations were higher in winter than in summer, indicating that wintertime concentrations were affected by residential heating emissions. On the contrary, highest atmospheric PCBs concentrations were observed in summer, probably due to increased volatilization at higher temperatures. Study results were indicated that steel plants and ship dismantling plants were the major PCB sources in the region. Low molecular weight PAHs (phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene) and PCBs (tri-, tetra-, penta-CBs) were the most abundant compounds in air for both seasons.
An appraisal of setting environmental strategy for airports and a case study of their contribution to global warming from Turkey
Aviation is a rapidly growing sector as the world economy has grown. Transportation of passenger and freight is increasing continuously, making air travel the fastest growing sector amongst all transportation types. The global air transportation system has economic and social benefits, while simultaneously environmental impacts are created. Mitigation of environmental affect to the environment is becoming a major challenge in this century. In addition, progress on noise reduction is also an important environmental issue. Carbon footprint of airports has been managed by Airport Council International (ACI) with the Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA) program. The program assesses and recognizes the efforts of airports to manage and reduce their carbon emissions with four levels of certification: 'Mapping', 'Reduction', 'Optimization' & 'Neutrality'. Carbon footprint has to be calculated, reported and independently verified in accordance with ISO14064 Green House Gas Accounting Standard. The definitions of emissions footprints used by Airport Carbon Accreditation follow the principles of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the World Resources Institute (WRI) ?Greenhouse Gas Protocol? Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. The carbon footprint calculations were made by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) worksheets. In this thesis international aviation organizations and international aviation standards were evaluated as a review. International aviation standards were evaluated related to environmental issues of airports. The basic principles of the carbon footprint calculation of Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport International Terminal were studied. Direct and indirect emission sources related data were collected and were entered to the GHG Protocol worksheets. The verification was made according to the ISO 14064 standard for level 1- mapping level. The carbon footprint calculations were made for aircrafts B738, A319 and A320 with several assumptions. These types of aircrafts were the first 3 types that are obtained from the statistical air traffic data for 2007 to 2010. Keywords: Aviation standards, sustainability, airport, carbon footprint
Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soils
Recently, soil pollution has gained importance among the main environmental problems in the world. In developed countries, as well as water and air pollution, soil pollution has become a big issue. This commonly encountered contaminants heavy metals, chlorinated organic compounds, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).In the presented study, remediation studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of electrokinetic method on the treatment of natural soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, in laboratory scale reactors. Electokinetic remediation of agricultural soil with an initial TPHs concentration of 10000 ppm was investigated under 20 V or 40 V direct current by using NaOH, pure water, Acetic Acid and Ethanol as electrolyte solution, treatment efficiencies were observed according to the distance from the anode chamber and the applied electrical potential. The effect level of electrokinetic remediation on PAHs, which were announced by EPA as in high toxicity group and present in engine oil that was used as contaminant, was also included in the framework of the study. It was observed that high treatment efficiencies for PAHs and TPHs were achieved according to the distance from the anode and the electrical potential applied to the system. Additionally, the operational costs of the systems were also evaluated and it was seen that the applied conditions resulted with lower costs compared with the previous electrokinetic studies reported in the literature and with the other treatment technologies, despite the data exhibit higher treatment efficiencies.
Air quality in workplace of an aluminum wheel production plant
The aim of this study was investigating workplace air quality in an aluminum wheel industry plant. Aluminum smelting and shaping process plant (wheel factory) was chosen for this study. We performed particulate matter (PM10 and occupational dust), gases (VOC) and trace elements sampling at 7 sampling points in the plant. Ventilation system of a part of the plant was renewed during the study. Therefore, the sampling could be conducted before/after the modification. PM mass concentration and metal concentrations were measured. Metal to be studied were chosen according to literature and raw materials and ingredients in the production, included Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg, Pb, Sb, Sr, Sn, As, Cr, Cd, Se, Al in PM phase. Results are compared to WHO, NIOSH, OSHA limit values and the literature.Si, Fe and Al concentrations in PM were shown to come into prominence from other elements. Also PM10 concentrations were measured to bounded of limit concentration but all of the results were shown lower than limit values.
Arsenic pollution and health risk assessment in the groundwater of Simav Plain, Kütahya
The aim of this study was to conducted a multidisciplinary study to understand the origin of high arsenic levels within the water resources of Simav Plain, to identify relations between drinking water quality and observed diseases in the villages, and to make risk assessment for the public health.To achieve this objective, representative samples from geothermal fluids, surface waters, and groundwater were collected as part of a field survey and were analyzed using standard techniques. Besides, individual household surveys and oral autopsies were made by interviewing villagers. In water quality monitoring, a total of 45 points (33 which of are from groundwater, nine which of are from surface waters and three which of are from geothermal waters) were sampled to determine physical parameters, major anions and cations and heavy metals and trace elements. Mean arsenic levels were found to be 162.64 ppb for groundwater and 76.56 ppb for surface waters. Cardiovascular diseases (37.7%), gastrointestinal system diseases (16.7%), diabetes mellitus (12.7%) and cancers (%2.6) were detected during health surveys. Among cancer group, uterus malign neoplasm (41.2%), colon malign neoplasm (17.8%), breast malign neoplasm (11.8%) and amiloidosis (11.8%) were mostly observed. According to results, high arsenic levels were mostly related to iron oxyhydroxides/hydroxides sorption in the groundwater samples. In surface waters, high arsenic levels were mostly related to metal oxyhydroxides/hydroxides sorption and uncontrolled discharge of geothermal fluid into surface drainage network. The health risk assessment showed that there is a high possibility for internal organ cancers and adverse health problems in the study area.
Inventory of industrial packaging wastes in Izmir city
Significant legislative acts have been passed involving environmental issues in particular within the process of Turkey?s candidation for EU, one of which is packaging waste control and management. For the purpose concerned, studies have been accelerated involving methods and bases established within the context of Regulation of Packaging Waste Control issued by The Ministry Environment and Forestry. The biggest problem is that there is not any sufficient inventory concerning packaging waste control.The study has examined Waste Management Action Plan in 2008-2012 prepared by The Ministry of Environment and Forestry as well as regulations on packaging waste control in Europe and Turkey. Waste Management Action Plan is of great importance in determining the present status covering the waste management in Turkey, considering which a prediction has been made on inventory of packaging waste likely to appear in province of Izmir. In doing so, annual amounts and types of packaging waste produced and sales on output of industries in different sectors have been taken into account.The study has managed to achieve annual packaging waste amounts likely to be caused by 81 industries in nine different sectors in Izmir Metropolitan Area and their percentile break downs based on data obtained.
Public opinion on water reuse applications in Turkey
Nowadays, water resources are rapidly polluted and run out importance. Depending on the population growth, water demand and wastewater generation will increase in the future. Many communities throughout the world are approaching, or have already reached, the limits of their available water supplies. Hence, water reclamation and reuse have almost become necessary for conserving and extending available water supplies. The recycling and reusing of water have a great importance. However, negative response of the public on water reuse creates some problems in application. Therefore, public should be informed and common fallacies needs to be changed. This study was planned and a survey sheet (questionnaire) was prepared. There are some questions related with participant?s age, gender, education, income range and fifteen questions about water reuse in the survey. This questionnaire was sent to different regions of Turkey and 375 questionnaires were returned. Questionnaires after collection, these data was evaluated with SPSS statistical analysis and excel programs. The results of survey studies will be given opinion of Turkish people on water reuse applications. According to study results; participants have suspicion about reuse of treated wastewater.
Management of phosphorus removal in municipal wastewater treatment plants
As a result of uncontrolled discharge of wastewaters containing high levels of phosphorus to the receiving bodies could create adverse effects on water quality. Therefore phosphorus should be eliminated prior to discharging into aquatic environment together with carbon and nitrogen to reduce eutrophication risk. Control of effluent phosphorus level by enhanced biological methods became a standard wastewater treatment application due to its high wastewater purification efficiency and its enhancing effect on overall biological treatment stages. In enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus could be removed simultaneously with higher efficiencies as compared to the conventional biological treatment methods.Another common method applied in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for removal of phosphorus is chemical precipitation method in which aluminum and ferrous salts, lime were used as coagulants. Although these methods are not able to remove phosphorus completely from the theoretical aspect, significant phosphorus removal efficiencies could also be achieved. However chemical phosphorus removal methods could increase sludge production rate significantly in WWTPs. Investigations indicated that characteristics of this chemical sludge are very different from typical activated sludge. It was also reported that sludge treatment applications including thickening ? dewatering, anaerobic digestion, thermal drying and incineration could be more complex and costly as compared to the non-chemical sludge.In this study, fundamental characteristics of EBPR were investigated in a large wastewater treatment plant by full-scale and laboratory scale methods. The process configuration in which investigations were carried out was very similar to 5-Stage Modified Bardenpho process. To obtain accurate results mass balances were established around biological treatment units performing detailed influent and effluent characterization. In addition to the wastewater characterization, phosphorus content of both activated sludge and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) were examined under variable nutrient loading ratios and variable operational conditions. Anaerobic phosphorus release rate, soluble substrate utilization rate, anoxic phosphorus uptake rate, simultaneous denitrification rate and aerobic phosphorus uptake rate were also determined by laboratory-scaled batch tests in addition to the full-scale investigations. Importance of particulate substrate forms in EBPR was also studied using both full-scale and batch-scale methods.Results of the investigations proposed that EBPR method could be the main phosphorus management method in WWTPs. However it was also observed that the stability of the EBPR processes could not be maintained continuously since the process influences by several wastewater and operational parameters. Therefore EBPR processes could be supported by chemical phosphorus removal methods to achieve target effluent phosphorus level.It was also demonstrated that COD/TP ratio of the influent is very important for the optimization of the EBPR processes. Obtained results indicated that COD/TP ratio of 65 could be required for the domination of phosphorus accumulating microorganisms (PAOs) that are perquisites EBPR processes in the scale of İzmir WWTP. Serious adverse effects of electron acceptors, present in both influent and return sludge line, on EBPR performance were also determined. In the scope of this thesis, several operational strategies for the optimization of the EBPR plant were also developed.
Material recovery from used cables in Turkey
The aim of this study is to define the material recovery capacity from used cables in Turkey, in details. Also, general instructions about cable recovery are given to support the base of the thesis.For this purpose, at first, cable manufacturing process is explained. One of the key components of a wire is its insulation. Its selection is determined by a number of factors. There are major types of materials used in a cable which are; resins, plasticizers, stabilizers, flame retardants, fillers, lubricants, and colorants.Since there are a lot of different types of cables are in use, variety of used cables presence in recycling circle, too. These cables are classified according to their energy value, telecommunication uses, and their special uses.During the experimental part of the study; each type of cable is divided into its components and weight percent of each different material used is determined gravimetrically for unit length of the cable. Then the calculated theoretical material recovery ratio for each type of used cable is found to determine the market capacity in Turkey by using the data obtained from cable manufacturers that shows annual cable production in the county.
Spatial and temporal asssessment of groundwater quality for the Nif mountain karstic aquifer
This thesis presents a groundwater quality assessment study for the Nif Mountain karstic aquifer, which is located to the southeast of İzmir. The objectives were to present groundwater quality data, provide a spatial assessment of groundwater quality and to implement a statistical evaluation of seasonal alteration of groundwater quality. The study was basically conducted as a four-stage process involving field work and sampling, sample analyses, production of spatial distribution maps of groundwater quality data, and statistical analyses to test significance of temporal changes in groundwater quality and to understand the relationship between different groundwater quality parameters. Groundwater samples were collected from 59 different sampling points in April and September 2006, representing the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Laboratory analyses of major cations and anions were performed. Concentration distribution maps for nitrate, chloride, electrical conductivity (EC) and hardness were generated using a GIS. Moreover, statistical analyses were performed to test the significance of temporal groundwater quality change. The resulting distribution maps showed that groundwater quality in general deteriorates as water travels from the uplands to the plains. Nevertheless, all the investigated groundwater quality parameters were for the most part of the study area in compliance with drinking water standards, with the exception of some occurrences of high concentrations. The temporal assessment using the paired samples t-test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests revealed that the apparent increase in nitrate, chloride and hardness concentrations from the wet to the dry season was statistically not significant. However, the observed increase in EC values was significant. It was concluded that less groundwater recharge in the dry period of the year does not always cause higher concentrations and that other factors such as water circulation times, lithology, quality and extent of recharge and land use also play an important role on the alteration of groundwater quality.
Arsenic removal from drinking water
Arsenate removal from drinking water was investigated using precipitation coprecipitation, lime softening, and adsorption methods. For precipitation coprecipitation method, Box-Behnken experimental design method was used to investigate the influence of major operating variables such as initial arsenic concentration, pH, and coagulant dose on arsenate removal efficiency and to find the combination of variables resulting in maximum arsenate removal efficiency. Ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and aluminum sulfate were used as a coagulant. Ferric chloride was found as effective and reliable coagulant considering required concentration and residual arsenate and iron concentration after sedimentation and filtration in the effluent. Although all types of polymers increased the removal efficiency of the treatment method, application of cationic polyelectrolyte was more effective than anionic and nonionic ones. Box?Behnken statistical experiment design and response surface methodology offer an efficient and feasible approach for arsenate removal and it could be employed to determine the optimum conditions for arsenate removal while minimising the number of experiments required.Lime softening for arsenate removal was required larger amount of coagulant doses and higher operating pH than iron and aluminium salts and consequently a large volume of sludge is produced and strong acids would probably be needed to adjust the pH after treatment.Clinoptilolite was used for arsenate removal from drinking water by adsorption. The iron modified zeolites were found as effective adsorbent for the arsenate removal from aqueous solution. According to the isotherm studies, GCFeA has larger capacities of adsorption and adsorption bond between the As(V) ion and adsorbent is the strongest. The pseudo second-order kinetic model provided a good correlation for the adsorption of arsenate by GCFeA and GCFeB in contrast to the pseudo first-order model. The GCFeA could treat approximately 3600 bed volumes of arsenate before column exhaustion.Removal of arsenic from real groundwater in Sasalı-İzmir was investigated using obtained optimum conditions from coagulation and flocculation, lime softening, and adsorption method in order to compare arsenic treatment results of synthetic and natural arsenic contaminated water. The obtained results from natural arsenic contaminated water are consistent with the previous studies on arsenate removal from synthetic contaminated tap water.
Compositing of municipal sewage sludge using semifermented solid waste and grass cuttings
Composting is more beneficial compared to that of other disposal methods likeincineration, land filling ? dumping because the sludge volume decrease by 40 ? 50 % andis sterile due to reductions in pathogenic microorganisms.The objective of this study was to examine the capability (and possibility) of sewagesludge and further its agricultural use. Aerobic composting of the sewage sludge wasinvestigated by two different mechanisms in three different experiments. In the regard,grass cuttings from university gardens, sewage sludge from zmir ? Çigli WastewaterTreatment Plant, and semi fermented solid waste which were taken from zmir ? UzundereCompost Plant were used. In 1st and 3rd studies, semi fermented solid waste and sewagesludge were mixed in different rates and systems. In 2nd study, sewage sludge, semifermented solid waste and grass cutting were mixed.During the study, moisture, organic matter, temperatures, C/N ratio, pHs were determined.Primary macro (P, K), and secondary plant nutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), heavy metals (Cr,Ni) were also measured to investigate for agricultural use of final product.Results revealed that the method used in Experiment 1 did not end with the expectedcompost product. However, Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 resulted with a better compostwhile Experiment 2 being the best in this respect. Effect grass cuttings used in Experiment2 on composting was positive. Heavy metal contents of the final products were also belowthe standard values given in the Turkish Regulation of Soil Pollution Control.
Fuzzy design of waste water treatment plants
In the recent years the designing and operating wastewater treatment plants have come to be more important. Especially lots of multi-way methods and studies are being done for control and automation. Fuzzy logic is one of the most popular methods for controlling and it has large application areas from space shifts to digital cameras. In this thesis fuzzy logic is applied on controlling a wastewater treatment plant which is designed for nitrification and COD removal by traditional methods. Most of the parameters such as dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, waste sludge flowrate, MLSS concentration in aerobic tank and NOx regulation in anoxic tank are controlled with automation by on-line measurable sensors with combination of MATLAB program installed on operators PC. With fuzzy logic control method the operating problems caused by existence of strong non-linearity, time variant parameters and complex multivariable couplings are overcame easily. The success of this method also relies on the capability and experience of the operator who designs and sets the fuzzy logic rules.
Mathematical model applications of activated sludge
Application of mathematical models in design and operation of biological nutrient removal systems is becoming more important with the legislations getting stricter. Recent developments in computer technology enabled development of computer programs that are able to solve complex models required to describe the processes taking place in activated sludge plants. In this study, several methods for determining COD and nitrogen fractions and kinetic and stoichiometric parameters for domestic wastewaters are evaluated, and wastewater is fractionated using actual plant measurements and results of previous studies in literature. In addition, IWAQ Activated Sludge Model Number 1 (ASM1) is applied to İzmir Güneybatı Wastewater Treatment Plant using Single-sludge Simulation Program (SSSP) as the simulation environment. Default kinetic and stoichiometric parameters offered by IWAQ Task Group are used in simulations. Simulation studies are performed with different COD concentrations to determine plant?s organic capacity. As a result of study, it is shown that the fate of carbonaceous and nitrogenous components of wastewater and MLSS concentration in aeration tanks can be successfully simulated and plant?s response to various conditions can be estimated using ASM1. Keywords: Modeling, ASM1, COD fractionation, SSSP, simulation
Continuous operation of anaerobic packed bed reactor for cod removal from saline wastewater
The treatibility of saline wastewater under anaerobic conditions with salt tolerant anaerobic bacteria called Halanaerobium lacusrosei was investigated in this study. An upflow anaerobic packed bed reactor was operated continuously with synthetic saline wastewater at different hydraulic retention times, initial COD and salt concentrations. Under the different operating conditions the organic loading rates were determined. The maximum COD removal efficiency was obtained at low initial COD concentrations. No substrate inhibition effect was observed at high feed CODs. Increasing hydraulic retention time resulted in an improvement in the COD removal. Increasing salt concentration resulted in decreasing in COD removal performance on the system. This result was evaluated as salt inhibition effect on COD removal. Modified Stover-Kincannon model was applied to the experimental data to determine the biokinetic coefficients. Saturation value constant, and maximum utilization rate constant of Stover-Kincannon model for COD were calculated. The results of this study indicated that it is possible to treat high saline wastewater by using anaerobic treatment methods. Inclusion of halophilic anaerobic bacteria into the reactor resulted in high COD removal efficiencies especially at high salt concentration.
Comparision of chlorination and UV irridation in waste water
Atıksu arıtımında en önemli islemlerden biri en son basamak olan dezenfeksiyon islemidir. Son yıllara kadar gerek atıksu gerekse içme suyu arıtımında kullanılan en önemli dezenfeksiyon yöntemi olan klorlamanın, gerek insan gerekse çevre saglıgına önemli zararlar verdiginin belirlenmesi alternatif ve daha çevre dostu dezenfeksiyon yöntemlerinin arastırılmasına ve gelistirilmesine neden olmustur. Ultraviyole (UV) dezenfeksiyonu bu alternatif ve çevre dostu yöntemlerin en çok kullanılanlarından bir tanesidir. Bu tez kapsamında evsel atıksu arıtımında sodyum hipoklorit ile klorlama ile ultraviyole prosesinin belli parametreler üzerinden karsılastırılması incelenmistir. 1ki proses KOI, BOI, AOX, pH parametreleri açısından karsılastırılmıstır. Evsel atıksu arıtma tesisinden alınan çıkıs suyu klorlama ve UV prosesinden geçirilmistir. KOI ve BOI giderimleri incelendiginde iki prosesin verimlerinin yakın oldugu görülmüstür. Ph degerleri incelendiginde sodyum hipoklorit ile klorlama prosesinin pH degerini yükselttigi buna karsın UV prosesinin pH parametresinde fazla degisime neden olmadıgı görülmüstür. 1ki proses arasındaki en önemli farkın Adsorblanabilir Organik Halojenürler (AOX) parametresinde oldugu ortaya çıkmıstır. Sodyum hipoklorit ile klorlama prosesinde AOX degerinin oldukça yüksek olmasına karsın UV prosesinde bu degerin çok düsük oldugu görülmüstür. Çalısma sonucunda UV ile dezenfeksiyon prosesinin sodyum hipoklorit ile dezenfeksiyona göre daha çevre dostu bir islem oldugu söylenebilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: UV, klorlama, adsorblanabilir organik halojenür, evsel atıksu.
Data analysis for municipal treatment plants in izmir city
Izmir City has a dynamic population with a growth rate of 2.28 % according to the census in 2000 (Turkiye ?statistik Kurumu [TÜ?K], 2005). By the increase of population, new municipal waste water treatment plants are been required. Therefore first of all Izmir Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant (IMWWTP) was constructed and then Guneybatı Waste Water Treatment Plant (GWWTP) and Foca Waste Water Treatment Plant (FWWTP) were constructed to meet the increased requirements. Planning of IMWWTP project goes back to 1969. Project had been revised several times and finally process had been changed in accordance with the feasibility report in 1996, and construction has been completed and started to operate in 2002. GWWTP is the second plant constructed as a part of Great Channel Project. After a construction period of eight months the plant started work on 2003. Wastewater from Guzelbahce Town and wastewater from military unit located in Narlıdere region is collected and transferred to this plant. Foca Waste Water Treatment Plant (FWWTP) and Marine Discharge Plant had been designed by Iller Bank as a part of Sewage Collection System of Foca. The required financial support had been provided by foreign credit (from Spanish Goverment). It had been constructed by Pridesa-Cevtas Consortium and started to operate in 2004. In this thesis, influent and effluent process data of GWWTP, IMWWTP and FWWTP were analysed and compared by using statistical analysis techniques in order to evaluate effect of pollution loads on each other and the performance of wastewater treatment plants. Samples are collected as composite. In this thesis just experimental data obtained from composite samples were used. At the first hand, raw data had been analized and graphed to find frequencies, distribution, homogeneities, descriptive analysis values, regression and corelation by using a statistical software, SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Keywords: Data analysis, statistical analysis, wastewater, biological treatment,
Kirlenme etkisi altındaki deniz ortamlarında alg büyümesini etkileyen mekanizmalar
ÖZET Bu çalışmada deniz ortamına antropojenik besin maddesi girdilerinin, ışık ve sıcaklık gibi çevresel etkiler ile birlikte oluşturacağı mikroalg (fitoplanton) büyümesi (birincil üretim) incelenmiştir. Yaz döneminde açık havada, kış döneminde açık hava ve laboratuvar koşullarında 1/100 seyrelme oranında deniz suyuna azot, fosfor, azot+fosfor ve evsel atıksu ilavelerinin meydana getirdiği mikroalg büyüme miktarı özgül büyüme hızı, ikilenme süresi saptanmış ışık ve su sıcaklığı ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Tekil ve ikili besin maddeleri ilavesinde, büyüme hızı ve büyüme miktarı artışlarının başlangıç besin maddesi konsantrasyonlarına ve başlangıç azot/fosfor oranına bağlı olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle Monod denkleminin başlangıç besin maddesi konsantrasyonuna bağlı olan ifadesi kullanılmış, amprik matematiksel bağıntılar ve bunlardan yararlanılarak kinetik katsayılar çıkarılmıştır. Deneysel olarak elde edilen bulgular ve ışığın derinlikle eksponensiyal azalması olgusundan yararlanılarak birincil üretim değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Birincil üretim ortalama olarak yaz dönemi için 181 mgC/m2/saat, kış dönemi için ise 7.5 mgC/m2/saat olarak bulunmuştur. İzmir şehri atıksularmın anaerobik, fakültatif ve olgunlaştırma kademelerinden oluşan atıksu arıtma sistemiyle arıtılması planlanmaktadır. Arıtılmış suyun derin deniz deşarjı ile denize verilmesi durumunda 2000 yılı atıksu debisi dikkate alınarak geleceğe yönelik azot, fosfor,, alg konsantrasyonları ve birincil üretim değerleri, mikroalglerin denizde yaşamlarını sürdürmesi ve sürdürmemesi hipotezleri için incelenmiştir. Yaz ve kış dönemlerinde değişen azot ve sabit fosfor konsantrasyonlarında büyüme hızı grafikleri çizilmiştir. Ayrıca değişen azot, sabit fosfor ve sabit uçucu askıda katı madde konsantrasyonlarında birincil üretim değerleri grafikler yardımıyla gösterilmiştir. Hesaplanan birincil üretim değerlerinin bazı kıyılarda ölçülen değerlere göre yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Arıtma tesisi çıkış sularının körfeze deşarjının özellikle yaz aylarında sorun yaratacağı saptanmıştır.
Water quality management by hydro-institutional mapping approach
In recent years, the main problem is to provide sufficient amount of water in desired water quantity and quality under conditions of available water resources. The major reason is great increase in population and industrialization that cause an increase in the number and variety of water uses. Consequently, "Integrated Water Resources Management" (IWRM) approach has been developed to improve the existing conditions in terms of water quantity and quality by taking water users, polluters and managers into consideration. Because IWRM has a multi-disciplinary perspective, it is possible to evaluate every detail throughout the basin. In decision making for development and management for water resources, IWRM approach is currently emphasized for various purposes. Water quality, one of the limiting issues in IWRM, has gained great importance in more basins. Degrading water quality directly affects water allocation and leads to water scarcity. Gediz River Basin, with about millions of inhabitants, is currently one of the most highly polluted basins. In the presented study, the IWRM approach is applied to the case basin using the available data especially in terms of water quality. The presented study also emphasizes the widespread use of mathematical models in IWRM approach by the use of QUAL2E model in the case basin. Mathematical models are effective tools in management and decision-making stage so that it is possible to identify the natural conditions in mathematical terms. Because the available data on the case basin are limited and not updated, the results do not reflect the current status in terms of water quality. The stated IWRM approach with its major components and methodology can be a scientific basis for managers and decision-makers of a basin in case of updated and systematic data.
Yapay sinir ağları (YSA) kullanılarak KOİ parametresinden BOİ parametresinin tahmin edilmesi
Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi, parametre, Yapay Sinir Ağları, Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOİ), Biyolojik Oksijen İhtiyacı (BOİ5) Yapay Sinir Ağları, Yapay Zeka Biliminin bir alt dalıdır ve insan beyninin varsayılan çalışma prensibini kendine model edinmiş yapay sistemlerdir. YSA öğrenme kabiliyeti, adaptasyonu, az bilgi ile çalışabilme özelliği, hızlı çalışması ve tanımlama kolaylığı ile modern bilimin en popüler konularının başında gelmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında amaç, A ve B Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde ölçülen deneysel Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOİ) değerlerini kullanarak Yapay Sinir Ağları (YSA) ile Biyolojik Oksijen İhtiyacı (BOİ5) değerlerinin tahmin edilmesidir. Bu amaçla öncelikle, A atıksu arıtma tesisinden toplanan 365 adet deneysel veriyi kullanarak YSA eğitildi ve test edildi. B atıksu arıtma tesisinden toplanan 66 adet deneysel veriyi kullanarak YSA eğitildi ve test edildi YSA çok sayıda işlem elemanı ve bağlantıdan oluşan paralel dağıtılmış bir bilgi işleme sistemidir. YSA'nın eşsizliği, onun deneysel verilerin girdi ve çıktıları arasındaki ilişkiyi hiçbir önerme ve varsayıma gereksinim duymaksızın öğrenmesi ve genelleme yapmasında yatmaktadır. YSA'dan elde edilen teorik sonuçlar ile deney sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma sonuçlarına göre, MATLAB tabanlı geliştirilmiş YSA algoritması Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde performans parametrelerinin tahmin edilmesinde kullanılabilecek alternatif bir metot olabilir.
Poliüre-poliamin reçinesi kullanılarak atıksulardaki ağır metal kirliliğinin adsorpsiyonla gideriminin incelenmesi
Bu çalışmada, otomotiv ve diğer metal işleme sanayi atıksularında bulunabilen ve doğada tehdit oluşturan altı farklı ağır metalin poliüre-poliamin reçineleri kullanılarak adsorpsiyonla giderimi araştırılmış, adsorpsiyon izotermleri ve kinetikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca reçinelerin otomotiv fabrikasından alınan arıtma girişi atıksuyunda ağır metallerin giderimi için kullanımı incelenmiştir.Toluen diizosiyanatın (TDI) tetraetilen triamin (TETA) ve pentaetilen hegzaamin (PEHA) ile ayrı ayrı reaksiyonundan reçineler sentezlenmiş ve bu reçinelerin karakterizasyonu için elementel analizleri ve Fourier Transform Infrared spektroskopileri yapılmıştır.Kesikli çalışmalarda, adsorpsiyona pH, adsorban dozu, karıştırma süresi ve metal başlangıç konsantrasyonu etkisi incelenmiş, adsorpsiyon sonuçları Langmiur ve Freundlich izoterm ve Pseudo 1. derece ve Pseudo 2. derece kinetik eşitliklerine uygulanmıştır.Langmiur adsorpsiyon izotermlerinden elde edilen maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasiteleri, TETA ve PEHA için sırasıyla Cu(II) için 52,356 ve 55,555, Cr(III) için 47,847 ve 47,847, Cr(VI) için 40,486 ve 46,083, Cd(II) için 7,305 ve 16,234, Ni(II) için 4,112 ve 7,441, Zn(II) için 16,778 ve 20,883 mg/g bulunmuştur.İzoterm ve kinetik incelemeleri sonucunda her iki reçine ile adsorpsiyonun kemisorpsiyonu açıklayan tek tabakalı adsorpsiyon modeli Langmiur eşitliğine ve Pseudo 2. derece eşitliğine uygunluğu saptanmıştır.Adsorpsiyon verimlerinin, karma sentetik numunelerle yapılan çalışmalarda, tekli metal iyonu adsorpsiyonlarına göre diğer iyonların varlığında bir miktar azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.Endüstriyel atıksulara uygulamada Hyundai Assan'dan alınan atıksuda bulunan T.Cr, Ni(II) ve Zn(II) iyonlarının TETA ve PEHA reçineleriyle gideriminde sırasıyla T.Cr için, %75,86 ve %68,96, Ni(II) için %98,34 ve 86,10, Zn(II) için %98,62 ve %98,77 adsorpsiyon verimleri elde edilmiştir.
Birincil ve ikincil arıtma çamurlarının üst mezofilik sıcaklıkta ayrı anaerobik çürütme potansiyeli ve stabilize çamur kalitesinin araştırılması
Bu tez çalışmasının ana amacı, atıksu arıtma tesislerinde (AAT) yaygın olarak kullanılan konvansiyonel anaerobik çamur çürütme prosesine yönelik iyi performans, etkili, verimli ve daha iyi kalitede stabilize çıkış çamurunun eldesi için uygun bir modelin önerilmesidir. Bu amaca yönelik üst mezofilik sıcaklıkta (40℃) ayrık sistem ve birleşik sistem anaerobik çürütücülerde artan organik yükleme hızı (OYH) değerlerinde çalışmalar yürütülerek optimum metan dönüşümü, hidrolik bekletme süresi (HBS) ve stabilize çamur kalitesi performans parametreleri incelenmiştir. Bu yüksek lisans tez çalışması kapsamında mevcut durumda işletilmekte olan AAT'nin birincil (ön çöktürme çamuru (ÖÇÇ)), ikincil (fazla biyolojik çamur (FBÇ)) ve karışık çamur (KÇ) fraksiyonları ile karşılaştırmalı olarak yarı-sürekli reaktörler kurulmuş ve beş farklı OYH değerinde sırasıyla; 1.5-3, 0.4-1.3 ve 0.82-2.28 kg UKM/m3gün aralığında işletilmiştir. Reaktörlerde maksimum günlük metan oluşumu ÖÇÇ, FBÇ ve KÇ için sırasıyla; 1200±200, 580±110 ve 1150±225 mL/gün olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Optimum OYH'ı birincil, ikincil ve KÇ için sırasıyla 1.65, 0.7 ve 1.1 kg UKM/m3.gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Uçucu katı madde (UKM) giderimi sırasıyla; %63±2, 32±5 ve 48±5 seviyelerinde meydana gelmiştir. Metan dönüşümü sırasıyla; 500±80, 700±30 ve 700± 50 mL CH4/g UKMekl.gün olarak oluşmuştur. Bunların yanı sıra optimum HBS süresi sırasıyla; 20, 8 ve 18 gün olarak bulunmuştur. Her OYH'nin son aşamasında FeCl3 ilavesi yapılmış, çözünürleşmeye katkısı elde edilmiş fakat toplam çözünmüş sülfür (TÇS) üzerinde etkisiz kalmıştır. Her üç reaktörün pH değerleri 7-8.5 aralığında gerçekleşmiştir. Susuzlaşma değeri azalan sırada stabilize ikincil, KÇ ve birincil çamur olarak elde edilmiştir. Stabilize çamurların nütrient içeriği birincil, ikincil ve KÇ için toplam katı madde (TKM) bazında sırasıyla toplam fosfor (TP); 18, 50 ve 22 mg/g TKM, aynı şekilde toplam azot (TN); 60, 200 ve 70 mg/g TKM olarak ölçülmüştür. Her üç sistemde stabilize çamurun yağ-gres (YG) içeriği 0.056-0.223 %YG/TKM aralığında ölçülmüştür. Ayrık sistemin daha düşük hacimde daha yüksek metan dönüşümü sağlama potansiyeli ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anaerobik, Metan, Biyokütle, Çürütme, Arıtma çamuru, Üst mezofilik.
İkincil arıtma atıksuyunda kalan farmasötiklerin granüler aktif karbon adsorpsiyonuyla giderimi
This study investigates the removal of four pharmaceuticals: acetaminophen (ACT), carbamazepine (CBZ), erythromycin (ERY) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by granular activated carbon (GAC). Firstly, sorption and biodegradation potential of these pharmaceuticals was studied and removal mechanisms (primary, secondary, cometabolic substrate, etc.) were investigated. After that, adsorption experiments were carried out in batch reactors to obtain isotherm constants. Then, the removal of pharmaceuticals was examined in rapid small-scale continuous-flow GAC columns. The results were compared with outputs of a model called AdDesign. Results showed that sorption of these pharmaceuticals was very low and they were biodegraded by activated sludge to some extent. ACT was highly biodegradable, whereas CBZ was the least biodegraded pharmaceutical. Adsorption experiments showed that the affinity of pharmaceuticals to adsorb onto GAC was higher when they were the only pharmaceutical, but when they were in the mixture the affinities were lower that indicated there was a competition between them. On the other hand, adsorption of the bulk organics present in secondary effluent on GAC was very low. Small column tests showed that there was no full breakthrough of either of the pharmaceuticals in the experimental period because of the low initial concentrations. In the presence of background organic matter, higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals were observed in the effluent which indicated a competition between the pharmaceuticals and the background organic matter. Through the use of the AdDesign model the column performance could be studied in a longer term and the full breakthrough of pharmaceuticals could be demonstrated under various conditions.
Derı̇ endüstrı̇sı̇ atıksuları: Polı̇mer bazlı hı̇brı̇t malzemelerı̇n koagülasyon-flokülasyon ve çamur azaltmadakı̇ performansı
Leather industry effluents are among the most challenging wastewater types, requiring treatment strategies that provide high pollutant removal with reduced chemical use and environmental impact. This study develops hybrid coagulants by combining inorganic coagulants with organic polymers such as polyDADMAC and polyamine, supported by PAM as a flocculation aid. Sixteen hybrid formulations were screened under six treatment scenarios (M1–M6) using twenty-two real wastewater samples collected during high- and low-activity periods at the Çorlu Organized Industrial Zone WWTP, one of Türkiye's tannery wastewater centers. The best-performing formulations were optimized and compared with the conventional 40% alum process, focusing on COD, TOC, TSS, heavy metals, and sludge characteristics. Phase-based jar tests enabled separate evaluation of liquid and solid phases, allowing more precise performance interpretation and mass balance assessment. Environmental performance was examined using an entropy-weighted TOPSIS approach incorporating sludge management, long-term robustness, chemical burden, and treatment efficiency. Biodegradability of the organic polymers was additionally evaluated using U.S. EPA BIOWIN predictions to assess their environmental persistence. Overall, hybrid coagulants significantly reduced dosage requirements and sludge production while maintaining high removal efficiencies even at natural pH. Although the polymers showed limited biodegradability, their low dosing minimized long-term concerns. The findings position hybrid coagulants as a technically effective and environmentally conscious alternative to conventional coagulation and highlight the importance of future research supported by life cycle assessments of polymer systems. The study also suggests that comparable or improved performance may be achieved with more biodegradable materials and broader testing across different industrial wastewater types.
Anaerobik koşullarda biyoplastik bozunmasının biyogaz potansiyeli takibi ile değerlendirilmesi
Biodegradable plastics offer a promising approach to mitigating the adverse impacts of plastic pollution, as they are capable of breaking down either naturally or under controlled conditions. This study investigates the degradation of two widely used bioplastics—polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT)—to assess their influence on biogas production and during anaerobic co-digestion (AD) with food waste under mesophilic conditions. Although the setups containing PLA did not yield clear, comparative results regarding its contribution to biogas production, the experiments involving PBAT produced meaningful outcomes for both inoculum to substrate ratio (ISR) that are ISR of 2:1 and 1:1 conditions. Specifically, PBAT contributed an 8.92% increase in total biogas production in the ISR of 2:1 setup and a 5.00% increase in the ISR of 1:1 setup when compared to the respective control groups. Moreover, gas composition analysis performed using gas chromatography (GC) showed that cumulative biomethane production from PBAT-containing setups reached 438.6 mL for ISR of 2:1 and 15,110.2 mL for ISR of 1:1 by the end of the experiments. Accordingly, the biodegradation rates of PBAT bioplastic in these setups were calculated as 0.78% and 10.05%, respectively.
Erzurum ili hava kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi
Bu çalışma, Ülkemizin Büyükşehirlerinden biri olan, karasal iklimin yaşandığı, endüstriyel sanayinin fazla gelişmediği buna rağmen şehrin konumu, çarpık kentleşme ve yoğun kış şartları nedeni ile hava kirliliğinin zaman zaman sınır değerleri aştığı Erzurum ilinde hava kalitesinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığına ait şehrin belirli yerlerine yerleştirilen 5 istasyon tarafından yayınlanan hava kirliliği günlük ölçüm sonuçları ve Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğünden sağlanan meteorolojik veriler oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada 2016-2017 kış dönemi incelenmiştir. Hava kirleticileri ile meteorolojik parametrelerin eğilimleri ile bunlar arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymak amacıyla SPSS 20 paket programı kullanılarak stepwise regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda hakim bağımsız değişkenin rüzgar hızı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bütün denklemlerde rüzgâr hızı kirlilik konsantrasyonlarını azaltıcı bir etki yapmıştır. Yine aynı program yardımı ile korelasyon analizleri yapılmış ve bu analizler grafiksel olarak gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda Erzurum ilinde hava kirliliğinin ana kaynağının; ısınma amaçlı kullanılan katı ve sıvı fosil yakıtlar ile egzoz gazları olduğu belirlenmiştir. Erzurum'da kirliliği yönlendiren ve artıran bütün faktörlerin bertaraf edilmesi için acilen uygun hava kirliliği yönetim planları ve eylem stratejileri geliştirilmelidir.
Artvin ili katı atıklarının biyogaz potansiyeli
Bu tez çalışması, Artvin ilinde oluşan evsel ve hayvansal atıklar üzerine kapsamlı bir inceleme yaparak, bu atıkların biyogaz üretimi açısından taşıdığı potansiyeli ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, Artvin ilinde oluşan evsel katı atıklar ile hayvansal atıkların biyogaz potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle ilin nüfus projeksiyonları hesaplanmış, kişi başına düşen günlük atık üretim miktarları belirlenerek gelecekte oluşması muhtemel atık miktarları tahmin edilmiştir. Evsel katı atıkların düzenli depolama sahasında oluşturabileceği biyogaz miktarının hesaplanmasında, Amerika Çevre Koruma Ajansı (EPA) tarafından geliştirilen LandGEM (Landfill Gas Emissions Model) kullanılmıştır. Model aracılığıyla elde edilen depo gazı üretim verileri analiz edilerek biyogaz potansiyeli ortaya konmuştur. Hayvansal atıkların biyogaz potansiyelinin belirlenmesinde ise, Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı'na bağlı Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü'nün hazırlamış olduğu Biyokütle Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası'ndan elde edilen veriler esas alınmış; hayvan varlığına ilişkin sayısal bilgiler ile literatürde yer alan teknik katsayılar doğrultusunda potansiyel biyogaz üretim miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, Artvin ilinde atık yönetimi politikalarının geliştirilmesi ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımının artırılması açısından önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.