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Anadolu'da paleolitik araştırma -tarih, sorunlar ve perspectif-
The main purpose of this thesis is to try to evaluate Palaeolithic archaeology according to the academic atmosphere in Turkey and its current situation independent from the events which lie in its background. The Palaeolithic Period covers the first and the longest period of human history. The development of the discipline in both practical and theoretical aspects began in the first quarter of 19th century in Europe. In Turkey, however, it was only a century later that this discipline became popular. This thesis explores the research history of Palaeolithic archaeology in Turkey and the current status of the discipline, which began in the 1930s under the auspices of the government with the objective of forming and strengthening a national identity. Within this context, academic analysis was based on the data of material culture; this research then played an important role in constructing a local chronology. In this thesis, the current state of the discipline is also considered. The history and problems encountered during the emergence of this academic discipline are addressed. Inspections of both European and Turkish research agenda, as well as the academic education policies are evaluated and compared. Efforts of public education with the goal of increasing awareness of Palaeolithic Archaeology are also analyzed. Lastly the applicability and contribution of these research projects and publication disseminating Palaeolithic archaeology analyzed and presented. Keywords: Anatolia, Europe, Palaeolithic Archaeology, Problems of Palaeolithic Archaeology, Research History.
Antalya Müzesi'nde bulunan bir grup Bizans sonrası ikonanın tarihsel ve ikonografik incelenmesi (2 cilt)
Figures, one Table The present thesis explores a group of twenty unpublished Post Byzantine Greek Orthodox icons housed in the Antalya Museum. The entire collection of icons in the Antalya Museum numbers 172. These twenty icons, a representative sample of the whole collection, are examined in terms of their chronology, provenance, and stylistic and iconographic features. A detailed catalogue of the icons provides a complete documentation. The icons rarely have fixed dates. Of the twenty presented here, two have dates painted on them, and five others have either dates pencilled on the back or iconographic indicators of dates, and so can be assigned a terminus post quern or a terminus ante quern. These dates, either a precise year or within a certain range, are in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The remaining thirteen icons, because of general similarities of their style and iconography to these seven, seem also to be products of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The place of manufacture of these icons is almost without exception unknown. However, they all ended in Antalya, and thus represent the tastes of nineteenth century Greek uOrthodox Antalians and the kinds of icons that they could obtain, either locally or while on travels. The thesis first explores the cultural context of the Greek Orthodox community of nineteenth and early twentieth century Antalya. Then, as a background for the twenty Antalian icons, the nature and purpose of icons are surveyed, from early Christianity to modern times. The catalogue follows. Finally, the chronology, place of manufacture, and stylistic and iconographic features are discussed. Four stylistic approaches are identified: Conservative, Provincial, Western, and Eclectic. Their usesamong the twenty Antalian icons and selected icons from elsewhere in Turkey and Greece are discussed. The icons housed in the Antalya Museum provide information on the Greek Orthodox population of Late Ottoman Antalya, both as artistic expressions of religious beliefs and practices and as historical documents. But Post-Byzantine art, especially as it survives in Turkey, has been little studied and is poorly known. This study, by presenting twenty previously unpublished icons from the Antalya Museum collection, has taken a step toward filling this gap. in
Tepede bir hayat: Sütun azizleri üzerine bir inceleme
This thesis presents the available information about the stylite saints who lived during the Byzantine period within the borders of modern Turkey. Stylites are Christian ascetics who lived on top of columns. There are over a hundred stylites mentioned in written sources, who lived between the fifth century and the nineteenth century. The vast amount of information is diverse ranging from historical and literary evidence to art historical and archaeological remains. This evidence is evaluated in order to present the circumstances that led to the invention of stylitism and outline a stylite's daily life. Later, the iconography of stylites is discussed. The last section of the work is reserved to the Monastery of St. Simeon the Younger in Samandağı near Antioch. The author hopes that this work has contributed to this interdisciplinary subject for the use of future studies. Keywords: Architecture, Ascetic, Asceticism, Byzantine, Christianity, Saints, Stylite, Stylitism, Syria. m
Issus Ovası ve Amanus Dağlarında Hellenistik ve Roma yerleşim modelleri
This thesis analyzes the Hellenistic and Roman settlement patterns in the plain of Issus and in the range of Amanus, in Hatay, Turkey. The results of Dr. Katherine Wright and Dr. Timothy P. Beach and Ezgi Akpmar's archaeological and geo-morphological work in the area were combined to illuminate the aforementioned periods' habitation models. The Issus plain and the sectors of the Amanus Mountains facing it, initially a region of the Seleucid kingdom and then a province of the Roman Empire, were geographically similar to the other parts of Cilicia. As a result, the area was likely to have developed comparable trajectories in terms of settlement between the two periods. In conclusion, the settlement patterns of the Hellenistic and Roman times, obviously communicated something of the nature of the civilian peace in Cilicia during these two periods. Keywords: Plain of Issus, Amanus range, Hellenistic and Roman settlement patterns. m
St. Erasmus (Lychnid) ve St. Thecla (Seleukia): İki erken Hristiyanlık kült merkezini
ABSTRACT ST. ERASMUS (LYCHNID) AND ST. THECLA (SELEUKIA): A STUDY OF TWO EARLY CHRISTIAN CULTIC CENTERS Donev, Damjan MA, Department of Archaeology and History of Art Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Julian Bennett May 2004 The main purpose of this paper is the study of two regional Early Christian cultic centers: of St. Erasmus, near the city of Lychnid in the province of Epirus Nova, and of St. Thecla, near Seleukia on the Calycadnos, in the province of Isauria. The methodology and the problems associated with this are considered in chapter I. The cult of martyrdom in Christianity is a complex religious, social and cultural phenomenon, and chapter II deals with the significance of martyr-saints in Christian theology, their place and role in the Late Antique culture of the Mediterranean, and the two principal types of artifacts through which we recognize the cults of martyrs, the hagiography and the sanctuary. This thesis then closely examines, in chapters III- VI, the establishment, development and the demise or the transformation of these two sanctuaries, and the related cultic traditions. This inevitably requires consideration of a large number of factors, starting with the broad historical conditions in these regions during Late Antiquity, the hagiographies of the venerated saints, and finally, the formal architectonic expression of the cultic tradition, the sanctuaries themselves. Keywords: St. Erasmus, Lychnid, Ochrid, St. Thecla, Seleukia on the Calycadnos, Meryemlik, Early Christian Architecture, sanctuaries, martyria, centraly planned inchurches, basilicas, reliquaries, relics, crypts, cult of martyrdom, hagiographies, ecclesiastic and political history, Late Antiquity. IV
M.Ö. birinci binyılda Karkamis: Heykel ve propaganda
ABSTRACT KARKAMIS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.: Günaydın, Kadriye M.A., Department of Archaeology and History of Art Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. İlknur Özgen May 2004 This thesis examines how the monumental art of Karkamis, which consists of architectural reliefs and free-standing colossal statues, was used by its rulers for their propaganda advantages. The basic geo-politic and ethnic factors related to Karkamis and other "Syro-Hittite" city-states of the Iron Age are investigated in order to obtain insights about the meanings assigned to the monumental sculpture of Karkamis. Architectural remains of the city and their sculptural decoration are studied and reviewed to provide a basis for subsequent discussions and statements. Monumental portal-lions, inscribed door-jambs and other reliefs placed on principal gate-ways, bearers of symbolic and functional meaning, demonstrate the essential role of these monumental gates for the city and its rulers to announce their ideologies. A close analysis of local monumental inscriptions provides us the link between the content of texts inscribed on large stone blocks and the themes represented on orthostat reliefs. Royal titles inscribed on monuments as well as a mgroup of reliefs and statues associated with ancestral cult were used deliberately by the dynasties and rulers of the 1st millennium B.C. Karkamis to show their own and their state's connection to the past heritage, a key element in the search of identity. This case study on the Iron Age city of Karkamis reveals the importance of socio-political factors in forming the basic characteristics of monumental art and in creating its special meanings and functions. Keywords: Karkamis, Syro-Hittite, Neo-Hittite, city states, architecture, art, sculpture, orthostat reliefs, propaganda. IV
Yakın Doğuda seramik teknolojisinin kökenleri
The objective of this thesis is to research the invention and innovation of pottery technology in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, in particular the Late and Final Pre- Pottery Neolithic B and Early Pottery Neolithic in the Near East. My approach will involve examining the various factors that are involved with the origins of clay vessel manufacture including: 1) the context of this event like the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Early Pottery Neolithic Societies; 2) the history of clay vessel manufacture such as the sporadic invention of pottery before its widespread adoption; 3) preceding technology; 4) circulation of goods and cultural and technological change; 5) settlement pattern change and movements of people; 6) domestication of animals and emergence of pastoralisin; 7) ethno-archaeological comparisons; 8) ecological conditions; 9) social choice. The origins of pottery technology on a large scale are interrelated to all of these factors, and would not have emerged without all of these circumstances in place. Keywords: pottery, technology, invention, innovation, PPNB, EPN, Near East, pastoralisin, domestication, exchange, settlement change, clay familiarity, plaster making, pyro-technology, clay vessels, social complexity, environment, choice m
Batı Suriye`de Geç Tunç çağındaki Hitit yönetimi ve Mısır etkisinin yansımasında Ugarit Mühür başkalaşımları
Çalışma, hangi yollarla Geç Tunç Çağı`nda Kuzey Suriye`deki Hitit politik kontrolün Ugarit gliptiği ve mühürlenmiş dökümanların metodlarını etkilediği ve değiştirdiğini araştırır. Bu çalışma, başlıca Ugarit`te bulunan yüzük, damga ve silindirik mühür damgalarını analiz eder ve bunları Hattuşa, Emar ve Hitit Krallığı içindeki diğer yerleşmelerdeki benzer buluntular ve parelelleriyle karşılaştırır. Yüzük mühürün yeni bir şeklinin gelişimiyle sonuçlanan mühürleme alışkanlıkları ve mühür tiplerindeki farklılıkları tartışır. Bu farklılıklar ayrıca Hitit memurlarının Suriye topraklarının yönetimine karışmasına ve buna ilaveten derebeyi kralları ve onların adamlarının aynı zamanda farklı tiplerde mühürleri kullanmalarına sebep oldu. Bazı durumlarda bir bireyin çeşitli mühür tiplerini kullanılması bu insanın hayatı ve kariyerinde daha sonraki dönemlere yansır. Tez ayrıca Ugarit`in Hitit krallarına boyun eğmesiyle oluşan ikonografideki değişiklikleri tartışır. Ugarit ve Hitit mühür dizaynlarında vi Anadolu ve Mısır elementlerinin varlığının, derebeyi yönetimleri ve uluslararası politik durumla bağlantı kurarak, belirlenmesi ve açıklanmasına odaklanır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mühür Baskisi, Halka Mühür, Baski Mühür, Silindir Mühür, Kil Tablet, Ikonografi, Çivi Yazısı, Hiyeroglif Yazısı.
Kakasbos/Herakles kültünün kökeni, dağılımı ve olası senkretizmleri
This thesis analyzes the local rider-god cult of Kakasbos/Herakleswihin an iconographical and religious framework. The possible origins andreasons for the popularity of the cult and possible syncretisms with other godsworshipped in Northern Lycia will be discussed alongside a presentation ofKakasbos/Herakles depictions in different media. The importance of the riderimage and the widespread popularity of the rider-heros in the Late Roman Art willalso be studied.Keywords: Kakasbos, Herakles, Rider god.
Kutsal ocak kavramı ve Yunan Ocak Tanrıcası ile beraber bunların Prytaneion yapısı, bu yapının kökenleri ve gelişimi ile ilgisinin incelenmesi
This thesis examines the concept of the sacred hearth and also Hestia, the goddess of thesacred hearth in Greece in association with the origins and developments of thePrytaneion, which is connected to one of the most important civic institutions of theGreek city-state. In the thesis, the meaning and functions of the Prytaneion are defined inaccordance with the literary and epigraphic sources. Some identified and excavatedexamples are also described in the thesis. Related to the Prytaneion, the monumentalhearths in the Mycenaean palaces and examples of house architecture from the Iron Agewill be emphasized briefly to look at the possible cultic and architectural origins of thePrytaneion.Keywords: Prytaneion, sacred hearth, perpetual fire, Hestia, goddess of the hearth, city-state, civic institution, house, domestic architecture.
Geç Bizans gemileri ve deniz ticareti
This study has aimed to investigate the problem of interpreting the nature andinfluence of Byzantine ships and shipping in the later Middle ages. Maritimetransport activities and ships or shipbuilding of the Byzantines during the laterMedieval age, between 1204-1453, have never been adequately revealed. Thetextual, pictorial, and archaeological evidence of Byzantine maritime activities iscollected in this study. This limited evidence is evaluated in order to gain a betterunderstanding of Byzantine maritime activities such as shipbuilding and maritimecommerce. The impact of these activities in the Late Medieval age is discussed.Keywords: Shipbuilding, Byzantine, Maritime trade, Ship representations,Monasteries, Constantinople.
Iupiter dolichenus kültü: Kökenleri ve ikonografi
ABSTRACTTHE CULT OF IUPITER DOLICHENUS: ORIGINSAND ICONOGRAPHYKuşseven, PınarM.A., Department of Archaeology and History of ArtSupervisor: Asst. Prof. Julian BennettMay 2007This thesis examines the iconography of Roman deity Iupiter Dolichenusin order to gain an insight into cult?s hidden meaning. The image of weather godsfrom Iron Age to the Greco-Roman Period in Northern Syria is also investigatedsince the representation of Iupiter Dolichenus was unique in the West and theclose similarity of the representation of the god with the local weather gods ofNorthern Syria may point to the continuity of the cult.In the absence of ancient literary sources, the other gods, goddesses andsymbols represented in Dolichenian cult objects may express a part of Dolicheniandoctrine. This is why they are included into this study.Keywords: Iupiter Dolichenus, weather gods.
Obeyd döneminden eski Babil dönemine Mezopotamya tapınaklarının mimari ve kavramsal bir analizi
ABSTRACTAN ARCHITECTURAL AND CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MESOPOTAMIANTEMPLES FROM THE UBAID TO THE OLD BABYLONIAN PERIODSoudipour, Amir H.M.A, Department of Archaeology and History of Art.Supervisor: Dr. Marie-Henriette GatesFebruary 2007This study attempts to explore the architecture of Mesopotamian temples fromthe Ubaid to the Old Babylonian period. It analyses the ways in which the layout ofthe temples changed and developed through time. It argues how different factors suchas ideology, cosmology, religion and environment were reflected in the architectureand function of temple complexes. The thesis also looks closely at the concept of thetemple as the house of god, and by comparing the selected temples of differentperiods to the domestic architecture of the same period, aims to trace the influenceand reflection of the domestic structure on the sacred structure and to determine inwhich period the structural similarity reaches its zenith and declines. Changes inMesopotamia?s social organization can be linked to these changes in temple layout.Keywords: Mesopotamia, Temple, House, The temple as the house, Ideology,Religion, Cosmology, Environment.iii
Kinet Höyük'ün jeofiziksel yöntemle araştırılması: Manyetik yöntemle yapılan yüzey araştırma sonuçlarının kazı sonuçları ile karşılaştırılması
This thesis analyzes the results of the magnetic survey conducted at theprehistoric mound of Kinet Höyük, on the Issos Plain (Hatay, Turkey), and those ofthe test excavations, which were conducted according to this geophysical survey. Themain focus of this study is to compare the magnetometer survey results with the datafrom the test excavations to verify how proficient this method is for revealing thesubsurface features of Kinet Höyük and its surrounding area. This comparison shouldallow us to test the applicability of these kinds of methods for archaeology.Keywords: Kinet Höyük, Geophysical survey methods, Archaeology, Magneticsurvey.
Türk arkeolojisinde kuramsal yaklaşımlar
This thesis analyzes several theoretical approaches in Turkish archaeology throughout its history. Starting from the late nineteenth century, each period will be examined with an emphasis on its certain historical, political or social developments that are reflected in contemporary archaeological interpretations. The influence of various factors on Turkish archaeology such as the German school, nationalism, Turkish History Thesis, Sun-Language Theory, Anatolianism, Humanism, the Braidwoods, and the Keban Dam Project will be discussed in detail.
Hallan Çemi Tepesi'nin mutlak tarihlemesi ve göoreli tarihlemesi
This thesis challenges the claim that Hallan Çemi (near Batman in Southeastern Turkey) was occupied during the Epipaleolithic (11th millennium BP). While techno-typological analyses of some objects, chipped stone in particular, appear to place the site?s occupation within the 11th millennium, the iconography etched into ground stone and worked bone is too similar to PPNB sites in the Urfa Plain to ignore. The excavator himself has provided various descriptions of the site, from Epipaleolithic to Aceramic Neolithic. This terminological discrepancy reflects not only on the problem of dating Hallan Çemi, but also on the larger issue of how one should describe the prehistory of Southeastern Anatolia. The latter problems are claimed to be the combined product of a) the relatively few sites within the region with which to contextualize Hallan Çemi and construct a local chrono-cultural scheme, and b) the related issue of imposing terminologies from other regions which may not be appropriate for Southeastern Anatolia.
Güzel atlar diyarı: Kapadokya'daki orta Bizans yerleşimlerinde yer alan ahırlar
The present work is a study on horses and horse breeding in Middle Byzantine Cappadociawith special attention being paid to the architectural evidence, namely, the stables. The majoraim here is to test the hypothesis that the landowner magnates living in monumental rock-cutmansions bred horses in their large stables to supply their own troops, as well as those of theimperial army. In order to evaluate this further, this thesis investigates the stables of the elitemansions in three settlements, Açık Saray, Çanlı Kilise, and Selime-Yaprakhisar. Thearchitecture of the stables is discussed along with their possible functions and meanings.Architectural data is supplemented by literary evidence on horses and horse breeding in theByzantine world.Keywords: Byzantine horses, horse breeding, Byzantine stables, Cappadocia
Oylum Höyük otc boyali seramiginin syro-kilikya, levant ve habur boyali seramik kulturleri cercevesinde degerlendirilmesi
Oylum Höyük, located on the coast of Akpınar River in modern Kilis region, is an important mound, which give several finds belonging to North Syria, Mesopotamia and Anatolia. As a consequence of its advantaged position, Oylum has been inhabited from at least from the 4th millennium BC. to Hellenistic period.Oylum Höyük being a part of the second millennium trade traffic, has a decorated ceramic assemblage used to comprehend the relations and distinctions among the cultures.In the preparation of this thesis, the main intend is to study the parallelism between Oylum painted examples and other 2nd millennium BC decorated ceramic traditions, e.g. Khabur, Syro-Cilician, and Levantine Painted ware. The results may be helpful to establish the identification of the Middle Bronze Age painted ceramic groups of Oylum and to comprehend the cultural characteristics of the settlement in this period.
Denizli yakınlarında Selçuklu kervansarayları: Han-abad (Çardakhan) ve Akhan
This present work is a study of Seljuk caravanserais in the vicinity of Denizli with a special focus on local socio-economic and historical factors. A first objective is to examine the suggestions, based on formalistic features such as architectural plans, about the functions of the caravanserais. A new approach, local contextualization, is attempted in order to investigate further functional aspects of Han-abad and Akhan. The activities of a local family who took part in Seljuk high bureaucracy and the local economy give significant clues about the purpose and design of the caravanserais. A second objective is the analysis of the architectural features and ornamentation programs in order to evaluate the influences of local factors.
Orta Anadolu'da neolitik dönemde obsidyen, ticaret ve toplum
The major scope of this thesis was a reappraisal of obsidian and trade connections in the Central Anatolian Neolithic, to what degree external relations shaped and altered the cultural setting of a community, and what other items can be identified as key agents in this multiregional interaction sphere. For that reason, well published model sites were chosen to investigate these issues. Major focus was then set on obsidian, with major sources located in Central Anatolia, indeed an ideal item to trace interregional relationships. Furthermore, the value of other items like flint, metals and certain small finds were reviewed to achieve a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms on Neolithic trade and exchange, and its effects on society and settlement policy.
Clazomenae'de Demir Çağı ölü gömme gelenekleri (1100 - 500 bc)
The present work is a study on the burial customs of Clazomenae in the Iron Age and Archaic period. Special attention is given to Clazomenae, since it yielded significant information from the Protogeometric to the end of the Archaic period. The major aim here is to collect the specific grave and necropolis information and try to interpret them for reaching more holistic conclusions about the burial customs of Clazomenae. This work introduces the burials, burial grounds, and cemeteries of Clazomenae from the Protogeometric to the end of the Archaic period with respect to grave types, grave goods, burial practices, gender, and age. One crucial aim of this work is to understand settlement and necropolis relationship in different periods by the means of the location of the burial grounds; the significance of the extension, development, and changing burial customs of specific cemeteries and their importance with regards to the settlement pattern; and the importance of the continuity, discontinuity, and change of burial grounds through the periods.
Arkeolojinin özelleştirilmesi: Türkiye örneği
This thesis examines the concept of privatization in the field of archaeology and investigates the types of private intervention by analyzing cases with specific reference to Turkey. In the 21st century, the boundaries of archaeological work are being enlarged since the expectation from excavations has shifted from mere scientific work to a more community based one which involves education and public outreach. Therefore, the ?privatization of archaeology? refers to occasions in which accompanying activities are finding alternative income sources. For this study, these activities are identified as: ownership, rental and acquisition of archaeological property, contract archaeology, management of archaeological sites, sponsorship of archaeological practices. The study compares the international movements towards privatization under these headings to the recent endeavors in Turkey. Related legal framework, international conventions, local legislations are the main considerations of the analyses.In many instances, archaeological heritage is protected as long as it can stick itself to an economic activity by generating income through tourism, local development or re-use of archaeological assets. Accordingly, a range of recent legislative initiatives ratified in Turkey indicate the willingness of the state to ensure re-use and conservation through economic exploitation of heritage in collaboration with the private sector. Consequently, the study aims to explore the motivations of the private enterprises for investing in archaeology in Turkey and their attitudes towards the selection of particular sites. A part of the study is devoted to research on press releases, excavation reports and interviews with the current sponsoring companies to grasp their intentions.
Hierapolis Arkeoloji Müzesi'nin yönetimi ve ziyaretçi deneyimleri açısından değerlendirilmesi ve müzeyi geliştirme önerileri
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the current management of the Hierapolis Archaeology Museum, to assess the visitors? present experience at the museum and make recommendations for improving the visitor experience and museum management based upon museum theories. Several questions and observations about the management of the museum and visitor experience in the museum were formulated during my internship over the summer of 2007. In order to find answers to some of these questions and to compare these observations with that of the visitors, a visitor survey was conducted and tabulated. Suggestions to improve the Hierapolis Archaeology Museum, particularly in terms of the conservation and education aspects of a museum management have been made. Basic suggestions are given for the development of these two vital components of museum operations and it is hoped that the museum will benefit from these ideas. It is proposed that by conserving its collection properly and by better educating its visitors and immediate community, the museum can improve its service to both current and future visitors and while realizing the mission of the museum.
Tur Abdin'e yakından bakış: Mardin'in Zaz köyündeki kilise kompleksi. Mimarisi, tarihi ve günümüzdeki yeniden canlandırma süreci
Tur Abdin, an area which is known as ?the Mount Athos of the East?, a limestone plateau on the south-east region of modern Turkey, should be considered a significant territory in terms of the development of an early Christian presence and the shaping of ecclesiastical architecture following the conversions of Edessa and Nisibis, which are generally accepted as having taken place approximately the 3rd and 4th centuries, respectively. The plateau was conquered by the Moslem Arabs in the mid-7th century; and interestingly, the region appears to have flourished following this event, as visible through intense building activity.This thesis focuses on one of the lesser-known monuments of Tur Abdin possibly dating to this time period: the church of Mor Dimet located in the village of Zaz to the north-east of Midyat. Based on four field-trips to Tur Abdin, the architectural surveys I have conducted on-site and previous scholarly works, this study attempts to analyze the architecture of the monument, identify the building phases, reassess its dating, and contextualize these findings within wider architectural and ecclesiastical history of Tur Abdin, which has hitherto been studied generally through the most prominent ecclesiastical monuments of the plateau. Along with the church?s architectural history, this thesis discusses the contemporary situation of the monument, including its physical layout and social functions. Furthermore, the conclusions drawn from the survey of the monument, along with further explorations in Tur Abdin, have prompted enquiries regarding monastic spaces and communities, burials in churches and the hierotopical context of Tur Abdin. Although these issues are not discussed in-depth in the current study, they are addressed and interpreted, with the intention of prompting further studies on the region.
Yenikapı, Konstantinopolis?de bir geç Antik Çağ limanı: Yeni buluntular üzerine tarihsel, arkeolojik ve mimari bir calışma
In 2004, for the first time in the history of ancient Constantinople, one of the harbors of the Byzantine capital started to be excavated in today?s Yenikapı, prior to the beginning of the Marmaray subway construction project. Covering a large area of 59,000 m2, the archaeological excavations in Yenikapı -carried out by the Istanbul Archaeological Museum and funded by the Ministry of Transportation and the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality- are considered to be the largest and the most challenging rescue archaeological project ever conducted in Istanbul.So far, the archaeological excavations at Yenikapı have revealed countless groundbreaking findings in the silted harbor area such as the remains of the earliest prehistoric settlement in Istanbul and the Byzantine shipwrecks dating from the fifth to the eleventh centuries. Despite the growing interest in newly discovered remains, two aspects of the harbor in Yenikapı have still not received sufficient attention: its history and its newly discovered architectural remains.This thesis combines for the first time the historical and archaeological evidence and presents a comprehensive historical survey about the harbor in Yenikapı with a particular focus on those two neglected aspects. In doing so it draws on various Byzantine primary sources, which provide significant insights about the harbors of Constantinople in general and the harbor in Yenikapı in particular. In comparison with other Roman harbor excavations, the study discusses the grain storage problem and the underwater engineering technique applied in Yenikapı being one of the few Byzantine period examples discovered so far.Based on the historical and the new archaeological evidence, this thesis draws attention to the importance of the harbor in Yenikapı for Constantinople and proposes a new interpretation of the harbor?s historiography and archaeology, particularly for its newly discovered remains dating from the fourth to the thirteenth centuries.
Hasankeyf Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nde: Kültürel mirasın korunmasına insan hakları odaklı bir bakış
Today the protection of cultural heritage is one of the major concerns of the states as well as the international community as a whole. Institutions such as UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the European Union are increasingly focusing their activities on the safeguarding of cultural heritage. Many international legal instruments have been elaborated in this regard and the protection of cultural heritage is now being discussed within the framework of broader concepts such as human rights. The present study concentrates on this latter aspect. Can cultural heritage be protected as a part of human rights? In this context, this study aims to examine the implications of the on-going case brought against the construction of the Ilısu Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant before the European Court of Human Rights. The long-criticized Ilısu Dam project poses a threat to nearly two hundred archaeological sites in the south east of Turkey, including the site of Hasankeyf, which is of significant importance. First, the study examines the development of the international law regarding cultural heritage and the evolving literature on the connection of cultural heritage to human rights. Then, it explores the background of the Ilısu Dam project and its impacts on the site of Hasankeyf. Finally, it discusses the legal issues raised in the Hasankeyf case at the European Court of Human Rights. The study concludes that while the human rights law may play an important role in the protection of cultural heritage, the recognition of cultural heritage as a human right challenges the current practice of the Court.
2. Dünya Savaşında Türk siyasi karikatürü: Cemal Nadir Güler (1902-1947) karikatürlerinin incelenmesi
This study is on Turkish cartoons during the Second World War (1939-1945) and concentrates on the political cartoons of Cemal Nadir Güler (1902-1947), one of the most eminent cartoonists in the entire Turkish history. The research provides comprehensive information on the history and theory of cartoons, and analyzes the artist?s selected cartoons. The samples are editorial cartoons of Güler that were published in the leading daily newspapers, Akşam and Cumhuriyet, from the outbreak until the end of the war.In this research, I aim to reveal the image of war in Güler?s cartoons with a specific interest in the image of Germany and the developments in the Turco-German relations. Through the analysis, I mainly question whether Güler?s cartoons were party in the war or not. Moreover, I analyze each sample in terms of its iconography and historical value.This study shows that Güler?s cartoons are consistent within themselves in the sense that they overall reflect an anti-German stand. Yet, when Germany was in the ascendant in 1941 and 1942, Güler gave up criticizing Germany. In that time span, he was not prolific in drawing political cartoons, as he was in the periods between 1939-1940 and 1943-1945. All in all, I argue that Güler?s cartoons throughout WWII are in line with the position of Germany throughout the war and the developments in Turco-German relations.
Geç Tunç çağı (MÖ. 14. yy) bir işlik alanın incelenmesi: Aççana Höyük/antik Alalakh'ta piroteknoloji
This study will offer new insights in pyrotechnology by examining a craft quarter excavated at Tell Atchana/ancient Alalakh during the 2003¬?2004 seasons. Tell Atchana/ancient Alalakh was the capital city of the territorial kingdom of Mukish, which controlled the Amuq Plain of Hatay during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Its strategic location within a dynamic trade network and the continuous changes in the political environment created a complex and hybrid culture at Alalakh. This social complexity is also traceable in its production technologies. The domestic units ? with eight distinct pyrotechnological installations ? will give us the opportunity to investigate the diverse uses of fire as technology. These representative households will illuminate the significance of pyrotechnology in the social and economic context of a Late Bronze Age capital city.
Bizans Küçükyalısı'nda küçük bir oda bağlamının kronoloji ve işlevinin sırlı seramik örnekleriyle yorumlanması
The Byzantine complex at Küçükyalı, currently known as the Küçükyalı ArkeoPark Project, constitutes the largest surviving archaeological site on the Asian side of Istanbul. The complex has four distinctive phases of construction/habitation from the sixth-seventh centuries to the early fourteenth century. Although the major building activities are dated to the middle Byzantine period, specifically to the second half of the ninth century, this thesis focuses on the very late phases of occupation at Küçükyalı in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries.vThis study analyzes an intact storage chamber belonging to the late Byzantine phase at Küçükyalı. The small chamber was excavated during the 2009 and 2010 seasons. By examining its architecture and small finds, with a focus on its glazed pottery assemblages, this M.A. thesis interprets the function of the small chamber and how the chamber reflects upon the late Byzantine period occupation in the Asian suburbs of Constantinople on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. Besides, this study proposes a possible date for the small room by comparing its glazed pottery assemblages to already known and established typologies from the former Byzantine territories. My thesis constitutes a starting point for the future studies on the ceramic finds at the Küçükyalı complex and contributes to better understanding the late phases of the Byzantine presence on the Asian suburbs of Constantinople.
Antik Alalakh'ta bir antik Orta Tunç saray mutfağını yorumlamak: Mekanın düzeni ve kullanım amacı
This thesis interprets an intact kitchen context belonging to the Middle Bronze Age palace at ancient Alalakh/Tell Atchana that was excavated during the 2009 season. By examining its architecture and artifact assemblages, with a particular attention to the pottery repertoire, this thesis aims to comprehend how an ancient palace kitchen was organized and how it could reflect an essential part of daily life at a palace. Using the rare opportunity of having an intact context, this research examines the structure of a kitchen space and the nature of food preparation according to the attributions of the pottery assemblage and its distribution. In addition, this study seeks a possible date for this kitchen by comparing its pottery assemblage to those of various sites from different regions of Syria and southern Anatolia. It will contribute to comprehend the little-known earlier Middle Bronze phases of Alalakh and provide an insight to the possible foodways at a Middle Bronze Age palace.
Onikinci asır Bizans'ta büyük toprak sahipliği ve Komnenos Ailesi
Eleventh century of the Byzantine Empire seems to have witnessed a political arena that was full of hustle and bustle and that had colourful and diverse players interacting for supremacy. It might be suggested that many eleventh-century emperors supported in one way or another expansion of influence of the powerful magnate families (military magnates from mainly Anatolia) in order to strike a balance against potential massive popular uprising. And as a result, in the twelfth century, a representative of the military aristocracy, Komnenos family, with the help of other allied families, managed to usurp the throne and ushered a period of stability, prosperity and self-confidence that lasted a century. This essay sets forth, in a nutshell, a thriving and procreative economic process that was manifest from the tenth century onwards and that culminated in the growing of great estates, and its social consequences that in effect made possible of the advent of the Komnenian system and also enabled the imperial family to consolidate and enforce its rule in the twelfth century. Keywords: Twelfth Century Byzantium, Komnenian Family, Byzantine Economy, Agricultural Production, Great Estates, Village Community and Byzantine Peasants, Paroikoi, Monasteries, Byzantine Aristocracy, Military Lands and Pronoia
Yıldızı düşük imparatorluklar: Bizans ve Osmanlı İmparatorlukları'nda astrolojinin kültürler arası incelemesi
Proposed study examines the similarities and differences in astrology between Ottoman and Byzantine empires. The questions addressed will start with how they defined astrology. Since the borders between astronomy and astrology were not as certain as it is now this is an important question to start. Then how astrology was perceived in both societies will be examined. The practitioners of astrology are also important as a result who important astrologers were and what were their duties or work is another chapter in the discussion. How the characteristics of Zodiac signs are interpreted and how they were explained is another point of inquiry. Finally the astrological illustrations will be investigated in order to show the possible interactions between the empires in question. A sixteenth century ottoman manuscript, Metali'ü 's-Sa'adet ve Yenabiü's-Siyadet by Seyyid Mehmet bin Emir Hasan Suudi, and a twelfth century Byzantine astrological poem by John Kamateros will be used as primary sources for the characteristics of Zodiac signs. In terms of illustrations, the aforementioned Metali'ü 's-Sa'adet provides very valuable sources and for the Byzantine illustrations a fourteenth century manuscript, Ambrosianus H 57 sup., among the few illustrated Byzantine astrological treatises will be benefitted. Even both cultures inherited the same Hellenistic heritage in terms of the science; the evolution of it might differ. Proposed study is a descriptive work which answers aforementioned questions and ends with an analysis by the author.
Geleneksel mimari ögelerinin modern Keçiören mimarisinde yeniden kullanılması
Being the capital city of a newly established Turkish Republic that was descended from the Ottoman Empire, Ankara was attributed a massive symbolic meaning. Ankara became the representative of a new Turkish State that aimed to attain a place in the global picture as being a modern and secular nation state. It carries a distinct characteristic as the reflections of transformations taking place in the political sphere can be read from the urban space. In this context, Keçiören District, being one of the largest and most populated districts of Keçiören has undergone a massive transformation after 1994 with the change in the political structure. The aim of this study is to make an analysis of the transformation that has been taking place in Keçiören district of Ankara since 1994, focusing on the architecture of AKP government that has been taking place not only in the architectural or urban field but also in the political, social, economical and cultural fields. What has been tried to be analyzed in this study is the emergence of a new architectural style that imitates the past with a modern approach not only in terms of urban and architectural quality but also from social and political motives that are embedded in the "culture" by using Pierre Bourdieu's sociological notions as elements of interpretation.
Antiochia'da görülen büyücülük davaları: Yasadışı kehanetler ve imparatorun bakış açısı
In 371, a group of men wanted to find out who will be the successor of the Emperor Valens. To gain this information, they secretly preformed a divination ritual. While at this point, public divination was still legally allowed, secret divination was forbidden by law, and was considered not only an illegal act of magic, but an act of treason as well. This event was the trigger for large-scale sorcery trials conducted in Antioch. Many people from all classes of society were accused of either directly participating in the ritual, or of unrelated acts of magic and sorcery. The punishments seem to have been severe, and many of the accused were executed, or exiled. Ammianus Marcellinus provides the most detailed account of the events, although information is available from several other Byzantine sources as well. This thesis seeks to understand the circumstances that led to the trials of Antioch, the mechanisms according to which the process unfolded, as well as to investigate how this event was recorded and interpreted in later historical sources. In order to do that, I will evaluate Ammianus' account of the events against the background of contemporary legislation and developments on the religious scene. The information obtained from the analysis will be supplemented and compared with the accounts of other historical sources in order to better evaluate the events of the trials, as well as to understand what attitudes later historians held about the issues of magic and divination.
İç Anadolu'da Neolitik ve Erken Kalkolitik Dönemlerde toplumsal cinsiyet (MÖ 8500 – 5000)
Gender is an important part of every person's identity. This study aims to investigate how gender roles changed from the beginning of the Neolithic to the end of the Early Chalcolithic in Central Anatolia. Although gender has been a topic of discussion at some sites, such studies have mainly remained site-based interpretations. The supra-regional perspective taken in this study investigates long term changes over several millennia in Central Anatolia enabling new interpretations and insights. The research concentrates on mortuary practices including burial treatments, skeletal analyses and grave goods as well as visual representations of humans by incorporating the data from figurines, wall paintings and relief decorated pottery. Studying mortuary practices gives us extensive information about the way people lived, their diet, habitual activities and illnesses as well as the way how they may have been regarded by the societies in which they lived in. Anthropomorphic representations, on the other hand, shed light on how certain genders were stereotyped in the makers' minds. Based on the results of the study, there seems to be equality in terms of gender in the earlier periods across the various sites selected. Female representations and burials become more predominant towards the end of the Neolithic, after 6500 BC, and this predominance increases in the subsequent Early Chalcolithic period. Keywords: Neolithic period, Chalcolithic period, Gender theory, prehistoric settlements, Boncuklu Höyük, Aşıklı, Çatalhöyük, Köşk Höyük
Diplomatik hediyeleşmeden Osmanlı pazarına saatler
The focus of this thesis is on clocks that were sent to the Ottoman Empire by the Europeans either as a diplomatic gift or an object of the Ottoman market in the 18th and 19th centuries. This time period, representing intense diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, led to a change in the role of clocks from diplomatic gift to object for the Ottoman market with the establishment of temporary and permanent European embassies in the Ottoman Empire and ambassador visits. Gift-giving was a prerequisite for reception ceremonies in the Ottoman Empire. Highly-valued objects – such as textiles, jewelry and furniture – that reflected the artistic and cultural identity of civilizations were generally the preferred diplomatic gifts. Clocks were also among the gifts by European rulers for the Ottoman court. Different from others, however, the clock is not only an object that is simply a gift, it is also an art object that carries a cultural and artistic synthesis between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. There are innumerable clocks that were sent to the Ottoman Empire, but their numbers increased, especially after they were produced by the Europeans to be sold in the Ottoman market. This increase is because the Ottomans desire towards clocks as an object of daily life augmented the interest in the clock-making industry in 19th century Ottoman life. Therefore, this thesis aims to offer an artistic analysis of European clocks produced for the Ottomans, as well as Ottoman-made clocks themselves, with a focus on the clocks in the Topkapı and Dolmabahçe Palace Museums collections as well as in private collections, in order to make broader conclusions about the exchange of art and culture between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. Keywords: Gift-exchange, Clock, Ottoman Empire, Europe, Diplomacy, Trade, Economy, Art object, 18th century, 19th century, Material culture
Bizans Dönemi'nde Myra hinterlandında yerleşim kilise ve yol ağı
This thesis examines the network of roads and churches in the Byzantine Period in the hinterland of Myra, which was not only the religious and administrative capital of Lycia but one of the most important pilgrimage centers. The mountainous hinterland of Myra within its rugged topography housed many small settlements and ecclesiastical buildings that were linked to each other through a rural road system and experienced a period of prosperity in the fifth to mid-seventh centuries as in other parts of Asia Minor such as the Isaurian Countryside and the Konya Plain. However, Myra can be distinguished from these other examples as it embraced a combination of three pilgrimage activities; the pilgrimage to the Holy Lands, the pilgrimage to the tomb of Saint Nicholas and the local pilgrimage to the monastery of Nicholas of Sion. In this thesis, I investigate how pilgrimage influenced the built environment in the hinterland of Myra in the early Byzantine Period. This work will also present relevant data and new discoveries made in the course of the systemic field surveys conducted in the region in 2010 and 2011. In addition to the material evidence, a sixth-century vita, the Life of Saint Nicholas of Sion, which illustrates the life in the countryside and provides local toponyms, which are re-interpreted for the mapping on the topography of the villages and churches mentioned in the vita. Further, in this work, a network graph with "nodes" and "ties" was modelled and applied to the region using textual evidence to visualize the local pilgrimage and communication network as well as the central position of the monastery of Saint Nicholas of Sion in this system.
Sarayda Osmanlı tütsüleme gelenekleri: Topkapı Sarayı buhurdanları
This thesis examines Ottoman olfactory traditions in residential spaces through a group of incense burners in the Topkapı Palace Museum collections and contextualizes the objects within their multisensory settings. This study aims to explain various connotations of olfactory practice in residential spaces, and to do so it will focus on the Topkapı Palace as a case study. Islam attributes great importance to "pleasant" scent, and Muslim society used perfume and fragrances frequently in both public and residential spaces, such as mosques, tombs, and houses. The Ottomans were no exception. Visual sources depict censers in residential spaces such as mansions of Ottoman elites and the sultan. In addition, primary sources describe the olfactory practices in the Ottoman society. Today, the Topkapı Palace Museum contains incense burners in six different sections of the collection. The present survey does not aim to present a quantitative survey of censers, but rather to compile and describe in greater detail the published thirty censers in order to offer some general conclusions on their form, function, and symbolic meaning. Therefore, this research will hopefully contribute to the study of Ottoman smellscape by bringing new perspectives to the meaning of olfactory usage in residential spaces in the Ottoman world. Keywords: Incense burner, Ottoman olfactory practices, smellscape, Topkapı Palace
Üç başkent beş hastane: Erken dönem Osmanlı ve geç dönem Bizans hastaneleri üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma
Apart from being a distinctive architectural form that reflects the artistic inclinations and traditions of its period, a hospital is a social structure, and it gives significant hints about the society in which it is founded. This thesis scrutinizes early Ottoman (the Yıldırım Bayezid Darüşşifa, the Fatih Darüşşifa, and the Bayezid II Darüşşifa) and late Byzantine hospitals (the Pantokrator Xenon, the Lips Xenon) through a comparative approach, focusing on their social and institutional structures. Since the Byzantine hospitals under study no longer exist, it is not possible to come to a concrete conclusion regarding the comparison of their physical features. However, evidence that might give an idea about their architectural features, decorative programs, as well their spatial designs will be presented since their physical features also say a lot about the hospital founding practices of the two cultures. Since the aim of this study is to investigate certain similarities, differences, and possible interactions, the hospitals chosen for this study include those that operated during the so-called decline period of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, when the contacts between Islamic and eastern Christian traditions were at their highest. However, instead of presenting Byzantine and Ottoman hospitals as institutions that belonged to two distinct worlds, this thesis aims to contextualize the differences and similarities of their social and institutional structures, as well as their physical features to a certain extent as the outcome of the more than a hundred years of shared history and cultural interactions.
Selçuk Rumları ve Gürcistan Krallığının Birbirlerine olan benzerlikleri: 13. Yüzyılda sanatsal değişim çerçevesi
"On üçüncü yüzyılda Anadolu, dinler, etnik kimlikler ve istila eden güçlerden oluşan karmaşık bir yapıydı. Bu karmaşık durumla ilişkili olarak, Gürcistan Krallığı (1080– 1259) ve Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti (1077–1307) arasındaki kültürel ve sanatsal etkileşimler akademik çalışmalarda büyük oranla dikkate alınmamıştır. Fakat, bu iki toplum, Bizanslılar, Ermeniler ve Moğollar ın yanı sıra kendi aralarında yürüttürdükleri müzakereler sonucunda, on üçüncü yüzyıl Anadolusu'nun siyasi yapılanmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu tez, kültürel temas, hamilik, hareketlilik, kimlik ve etkileşim gibi temaları analiz ederek Gürcistan Krallığı ile Anadolu Selçukluları arasındaki sanatsal ilişkiyi anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. İbnü'l-Esir (d. 1233), Aflaki (d. 1360), İbn Bibi (d. 1285) gibi tarihçilerin metinleri ve anonim Kartlis Tskhovreba(11-12. yüzyıllar) gibi tarihsel metinler Selçuk ve Gürcü hanedanları arasındaki kültürler arası evlilikleri belgelemektedir. Bu belgeler, bu iki toplumun sanat ve mimarisini incelemek adına temel oluşturmaktadır. Divriği, iki Sultan hanı, kümbetler, Tao-Klarjeti'deki Gürcü kiliseleri ve Gelati manastırı gibi mimari anıtlar bu tip kültürel etkileşimler için kanıt oluşturur. Elyazmaları, kase ve sikke gibi küçük taşınabilir objeler de sanatsal etkileşimin inceleneceği diğer bir alanı oluşturmaktadır. Bu tez, on üçüncü yüzyılda Gürcistan Krallığı ile Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti arasındaki yakın ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmaktadır."
Atchana Höyüğü (Antik Alalakh) ve Tayinat Höyüğü (Antik Kunulua) arasındaki ilişki: Geç Tunç Çağı'ndan Demir II/III'e tabaklar üzerinde bir vaka çalışması
This thesis studies the cultural continuity between Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh and Tell Tayinat, ancient Kunulua from the perspective of platters from the Late Bronze Age to Iron II/III. By examining the platters both typologically and petrographally, it aims to understand the continuation of platters through the Bronze Age- Iron Age transition, to detect the significant changes in the form and to see how they line up with different times, site and context, and finally analyze them in the microscopic level in order to see if there are any changes in the fabric that refers to possible sources of clay or production methods. In addition, this study also aims to test the possibility of establishing a reliable dating for a mixed context by using the results of secure data based on their platters. It will contribute to understand the cultural continuity between Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh and Tell Tayinat, ancient Kunulua and provide an insight to the general understanding of platters as a separate form and its importance among other pottery assemblages.
Erken Beşinci Yüzyılda Konstantinopolis: Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae, gündelik hayat ve arkeolojik perspektif
The fifth century is often referred to as the Byzantine Empire's "Age of Transformation." It witnessed fundamental changes in political, economic, and social life. During this time, approximately the decade of 420s, an anonymous regionary catalogue was compiled, the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae. Not only does this catalogue divide Constantinople into fourteen regions, but it lists contemporaneous major monuments, public spaces as well as smaller amenities such as housing in each region. This thesis investigates the daily life and urban character of each region by analyzing the number of the structures and their functions, as recorded in the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae. It proposes that, while the city grew westward, the eastern part of the city remained the public and administrative center of throughout the century. It also demonstrates that in some regions, the daily life was informed and shaped by commercial activities. Other regions to the north were of a residential character. During 1920 to 1980, there were a number of short-term rescue excavations in İstanbul regarding fifth-century Byzantine monuments. Unfortunately, very few were published. Six such structures revealed as a result of these short-term rescue excavations are also discussed in order to shed more light on the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae as well as Constantinople during the fifth century. These structures are largely absent from Byzantine scholarship and completely omitted from the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae. The results of their investigation show that the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae omitted both Pagan and Judaic-related structures. Their investigation will also better locate them in time.
Küçükyalı (İstanbul)'dan Geç Antik Dönemden Geç Bizans Dönemine sofra kapları ve ticari amforalar: Konstantinopolis'in Anadolu hinterlantından (M.S. 4.-14. yüzyıl) seramik örnekleri
With its large cistern framed by massive retaining walls and its domed-octagon church flanked by a funerary chapel and an impressive tower, Küçükyalı forms the largest and best-preserved archaeological site in the Asian part of modern Istanbul. While the principal elements of its architecture and architectural sculpture are dated to the second half of the 9th century, the ceramic and numismatic finds present a wide chronological range spanning from the 4th-14th centuries CE. Küçükyalı is currently interpreted as the monastery of Satyros founded by the Constantinopolitan patriarch Ignatios between 867 and 877. It certainly should be understood within the context of high-ranking Middle Byzantine patronage. A manifold repertoire of high quality architectural ornamentation, inscriptions, various small finds and ceramics have been unearthed during excavations since 2008 and are currently the object of study. This thesis is a study of ceramics excavated inside the tower`s fills and from the 14th-century abandonment contexts around it. From the perspective of ceramics research, the stratigraphic excavations in Küçükyalı offer a unique opportunity to enhance our knowledge about medieval ceramics from the former Byzantine capital and its immediate hinterland. This study focusses on Byzantine glazed tablewares and cargo amphorae. These are predominantly Glazed White Wares, the different kinds of Late Byzantine Sgraffito Wares and the so-called Günsenin Amphorae. Late Antique and Early Byzantine fine wares and transport jars comprise relatively small quantities. The majority of the pottery can be dated to the 12th-14th centuries. Next to a typo-chronological analysis, the main goal is to contextualize the material within the site's archaeology and stratigraphy and to embed it into the wider research of Byzantine ceramics. While most of the other significant excavations in Istanbul have taken place inside its historical peninsula, Küçükyalı is distinctively situated deep in the city's Asian suburbs. Abundant ceramic evidence from around the 13th century raises the question of the site's strategic importance within medieval exchange patterns between the areas of the Aegean and the Black Sea during the periods of Komnenian, Latin and Palaeologan rule.
İstanbul'da Kalenderhane Camii'nde bulunan Aziz Fransis'in yaşam öyküsü fresk döngüsünün bağlamının oluşturulması
The Fourth Crusade marked one of the most dramatic moments of the Byzantine history: the occupation of Constantinople in 1204. However, there is one surviving example of artistic activity of the Latins from this period of plunder and destruction: the fresco cycle of Saint Francis. The cycle was discovered at the Kalenderhane Mosque, a former Byzantine church and part of the monastic complex of Theotokos (Mother of God) Kyriotissa, in 1967 after being sealed and hidden in an annexed chapel for seven centuries. The frescoes portraying Francis's life were painted shortly after the canonization of the saint in 1228 and prior to the reconquest of 1261. They are regarded as the earliest depictions of Francis's life on fresco. The cycle is an intriguing example of the hybrid works of art that emerged in the post-Crusade Mediterranean. Existing scholarship mainly focuses on four aspects of the cycle: establishing its historical setting and patronage; identifying its scenes; exploring its stylistic associations with other works of art; and interpreting the choice of Byzantine vita icon format. The notable ensemble of various Eastern and Western components in the program, a less discussed and researched aspect of the cycle, is commonly considered to reflect the thirteenth-century climate of the ongoing negotiations for the union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. The fresco cycle is definitely a product of the Franciscans' purposeful experimentation in the broader context of the commitment of the order to the communion of the churches and missionary activity in the Eastern Mediterranean. However, this thesis argues that the joint presence of Eastern and Western elements and some overlooked particularities of its iconography may also lead to a different reading. This new interpretation of the cycle goes beyond the attempt of the mendicant order to legitimize the sainthood of their recently canonized founder and requires an in-depth reconsideration of its context. This study aims to look beyond the visible and decipher the cycle in the light of the ongoing negotiations of power and ideology in the post-Crusade Mediterranean.
Aksaray Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii ve Külliyesi:Bir on dokuzuncu yüzyıl valide sultanının mimari hamiliğine dair yansımalar
Pertevniyal (1810-1884), the last queen-mother bearing the title of valide sultan in the empire's history, was a prominent figure in the nineteenth century Ottoman society and a significant patron of architecture. This thesis analyzes Pertevniyal Valide Sultan's architectural patronage and the symbolically-charged meanings embedded in her patronage by focusing on the Aksaray Valide Sultan Mosque Complex, the most significant commission undertaken by the valide, which was completed in 1871 and was located in the Aksaray district of Istanbul. This study investigates for the first time the valide's life and patronage in detail and is based on many unpublished archival documents related to Pertevniyal. For the analysis of the mosque, this thesis first looks at the historiography of scholarship about the complex since the building, particularly its architectural style, was received and interpreted in dramatically different ways by scholars assessing the structure since it was built. By examining the complex's archival records and other contemporary primary sources, the purpose of this thesis is to locate the building within its historical context and determine how it was shaped by the socio-political and cultural dynamics of the late Tanzimat era. It also investigates how this architectural project served as an embodiment of its patron's motivations and intentions. Given the few studies which focus on the symbolic analysis of the nineteenth century Ottoman architectural enterprise and its relationship with gendered imperial patronage, this thesis contributes to current literature on Ottoman architectural history by exploring how a nineteenth century valide sultan exploited a diverse set of iconographies in the realization of her complex and cultivated specific imperial and dynastic identities through architectural patronage during the late Tanzimat era.
M.Ö. II. binyıl'da vitrifiye malların zanaatı: Tell Açana, Alalah'ta cam, fayans ve frit üretimi
This dissertation explores the vitreous corpora (glass, faience, frit) of Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh, which is located in the Amuq Valley (Turkey) and settled during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Glass, faience, and frit artifacts in the collections of the Hatay Archaeology Museum (Hatay, Turkey) and in the British Museum (London, UK) unearthed at the site between 1936–1939 and 1946–1949 excavation campaigns by Sir Leonard Woolley are reassessed in this study. The vitreous materials recovered at the 2004–2014 excavation seasons directed by Prof. Dr. K. Aslıhan Yener are investigated, and the complete vitreous corpora of Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh is provided. The catalogue of this dissertation introduces 394 new object entries from 2004–2014 Alalakh excavations as well as it documents 23 unknown and undefined artifacts investigated in the Hatay Archaeology Museum. In this study, a set of archaeometric analyses were conducted by using scanning electron microscope electron dispersive X-rays (SEM–EDX), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd) isotopes to illuminate chemical characterization and production technologies of faience, frit and especially glass artifacts of the settlement. iv By investigating vitreous materials of Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh as the case site, this dissertation discusses the access and use of raw materials by the artisans, organization and interaction of craftspeople in workshop areas, and social status of artisans. Emergence and exchange of technological ideas and innovations as well as why and how technological knowledge was spread are reviewed within the social structure of the second millennium B.C. Anatolia, Levant, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia.
Mavi rengin ardında: Kuzeybatı Anadolu'daki neolitik Barcın höyükte bulunan turkuaz renkli boncukların sosyal ve metodolojik bir incelemesi
Items of personal ornamentation can reveal much about past societies. This thesis investigates turquoise-blue colored beads found in the seventh millennium B.C.E. site of Barcın Höyük in northwest Anatolia, to reveal the raw material and the techniques involved in the manufacture of the artificially-produced turquoise color. Similar beads are also found in nearby contemporaneous Neolithic and/or Early Chalcolithic sites, sometimes along with genuine turquoise-stone. Considering the similarity in color and shape with beads of turquoise stone, and that turquoise sources lie long distances away from Anatolia, the possibility of imitation is examined. Possibility for imitation also leads to a consideration of imbalances with regard to access to raw materials, and what this could mean for social differentiation in Neolithic Anatolia. A range of different instrumental analyses were conducted on Barcın beads, including optical microscopy, Raman, FTIR (Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy) and SEM with EDX (Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The analyses revealed that the beads were made of fluorapatite, resulting from the natural transformation of the bone matrix. Laboratory experiments were further conducted on modern and archaeological bones and similar materials, to attempt to replicate the turquoise-blue color of the beads and to understand the production process.
Bütün kötülüklere karşı: Türkiye müzelerinde bulunan Bizans dönemi küçük koruma objeleri
This dissertation explores the concept of protection and its development in Byzantium over the centuries. In this context, protection is understood as magical, apotropaic, spiritual, and/or pseudo-medical protection against a tangible or intangible danger. This dissertation primarily examines the ways that this concept was reflected in the material world of Byzantium. The source material for this examination is a core group of objects including pendants, flasks, tokens, coins, appliques, badges, and small-size icons dated from the sixth to the fourteenth century from museums and private collections in Turkey. The concept of protection in Byzantium has been studied in different contexts and with various approaches. Different types of protective objects are often seen as distinct entities; similar objects are often grouped together and studied in the context of their primary function, such as amulets being studied in the context of magic, pilgrim objects in the context of pilgrimage, and small-size icons in the context of veneration. However, primary sources and material evidence reveal that protection is linked to certain aspects and practices of magic, pilgrimage, healing, and private devotion. Thus, this dissertation examines small objects studied in these particular contexts in terms of their relation to the function of protection. The primary conclusion of this dissertation is that there was a widespread and continuous usage of protective objects, whether related to magic or religion, over the centuries in Byzantine society. The subject matter of the images and inscriptions on the objects was essential to the function of protection since users viewed these images and inscriptions as intermediaries through which they could communicate with the supernatural. The need for communication with the supernatural emanated from people's desire to attain salvation and their compelling fear of demons, as manifested in the subject matter of the objects and the contexts from which protective objects originated. In addition, lead, as the most common material for the production of protective objects, is examined in terms of its potential role in protection. Lead appears to have been selected for multiple reasons: its binding and apotropaic powers led to its use in magical amulets, while the natural properties and availability of lead account for its use in pilgrim and devotional objects. Overall, the study of these objects provides an insight into the fears and expectations of Byzantine society and how the Byzantines dealt with their worries in their daily lives.
Dini bir mekanın devlet müzesine dönüştürülme sürecinin Mevlana Müzesi üzerinden anlatımı
Museums are acknowledged to be very effective tools in rendering a certain ideology from the beginning of their emergence as a concept. When it is about museums with strong religious associations or which were converted from religious sites, however, the situation becomes even more intricate. Turkey in that respect provides the researcher with invaluable opportunities since it houses several examples which are specific to this country in the sense that they represent a precise junction of museums, religion and politics. Mevlana Museum in Konya is one powerful example of such sites: it is a museum, it has strong religious connotations and it is a potent means of political image making. It is intriguing, thus, to evaluate the case of the Mevlana Museum and the changes applied to its image, in order to reflect the ways in which the political potential of museums has been realized in a state museum which was once a sacred site. Hence, the foremost aim of this thesis is to analyze the ways in which the positioning of religion within the Mevlana Museum has been serving in the production of ideologies with an emphasis on the changes that the museum has been undergoing during the last decade. In doing so, the study primarily draws upon the media sources and in-situ observations.
Duyusal şehircilik ve koku alanı: İstanbul'un kültürel mirasını belgeleme ve sergileme
This dissertation examines scent as a form of intangible heritage. Often overlooked, the sense of smell is a unique medium through which we can explore history, heritage, and place. A sensory approach serves as a catalyst for creating a greater awareness of the interaction between the body, the senses, memory, and the environment. Using Istanbul as a case study, this dissertation elucidates how smell can constitute a record of history, be a way to measure change, and how it can be used to access communal memories and heritage. This study focuses on smellscapes of the Spice Market and Eminönü, a historic marketplace and neighborhood of Istanbul. It utilizes oral history, mapping, historical research, and creative practice combined with research from psychology and neuroscience to help us better understand and value the sensory past. This dissertation project also resulted in the exhibit "Scent and the City," held at Koç University's Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations in Istanbul, Turkey from April 14 to June 8, 2016. "Scent and the City" invited visitors to explore history, modernization, and change in Turkey through scents and also to contribute to our sensory knowledge of Istanbul through interactive displays and conversations. This dissertation both analyzes "Scent and the City" and contextualizes it within the larger trajectory of museological practice. This dissertation provides new sensory data about the city of Istanbul and contributes to new methodologies of documenting, analyzing, and exhibiting sensory information. There is much to be gained as cultural heritage practitioners expand the notion of what constitutes intangible heritage. As this dissertation suggests, it must include smellscapes, as well as the other senses, and the spirit of embodiment.