Theses supervised by Yrd. Doç. Dr. İskender Karaltı
13 theses · Yeditepe University
Balda genetiği değiştirilmiş organizma varlığının araştırılması
Gen, Yunanca kökenli bir kelime olup doğum, başlangıç anlamına gelen "genos"tan gelmektedir. Genler; canlıların kuşaktan kuşağa geçen özelliklerini (boy, renk, hastalıklara dayanıklılık, yüksek verim gibi) şifreleyen birimler olup yaşamı belirleyen genler DNA sarmalı içinde yer almaktadır. Bir canlı türüne başka bir canlı türünden gen aktarılması veya mevcut genetik yapıya müdahale edilmesi yoluyla yeni genetik özellikler kazandırılmasını sağlayan ve gen teknolojisi ile doğal süreçler ile edinilmesi mümkün olmayan yeni özellikler kazandırılmış GDO ürünlerin insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerindeki olası olumsuz etkileri uzunca süredir tartışılmaktadır. 1996'da piyasaya sürülmesinden bu yana, üretimi ve pazara sunulması konusunda çeşitli tartışmalar devam etmektedir Dünya çapında artan ekim alanları genetiği değiştirilmiş (GD) ürünlerin gelecekte yaygın kullanılacağını göstermekte ve bu durum ise oldukça ilgi çekmektedir. Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de oldukça güncel ve yeni bir konudur. Konunun sağlık hizmetini sürdüren sağlık profesyonellerince bilinmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Materyal: Çalışmamızda 20 adet paketli ve 20 adet açık bal örneğinde GDO olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Örneklerden kapalı olanlar farklı markalara ait olup süpermarketlerden temin edilirken açık olan örnekler ise numune olarak toplanmıştır. Örnekler steril kap içerisinde toplanıp kısa sürede analiz için labaratuara ulaştırılmıştır. Metod: . Örneklerden 1'er yemek kaşığı alınarak DNA izolasyonu yapılmıştır. İzole edilen DNA'lar Roche 480 II Real time PCR cihazı ile çalışılmış, testin performansını değerlendirmek için kontrol testi de yapılmıştır. İncelenen bal örneklerinde GDO varlığına rastlanmamıştır. Amaç: Bu çalışma ülkemizde üretilen ballarda GDO varlığının araştırılması eğer saptanırsa düzeyinin belirlenmesi amacını taşımaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Genetiği değiştirilmiş, GDO, Bal
Assesment of the nutritional status of pregnant women who consult to gynecology policlinic of A private hospital
With each passing day of illness, the importance of feeding in pregnancy is increasing. Since the formation of the individual, the mother begins to feed to fetus and continues for a lifetime. This thesis study was carried out in order to evaluate the nutritional status of 100 pregnant women who came to the policlinic of a private hospital in İstanbul. Questionnaire was applied to participants and eating habits were questioned. Age, educational status, working conditions, monthly income, number of pregnancies, changing eating habits during pregnancy, completing the pregnancy process with the dietitian as well as the status of receiving the information about the nutrition during pregnancy, the source from which the information is received and the habit of breakfast and snacks, number of meals , meal skipping status, daily water consumption and eating habits, eating habits and eating habits were questioned. In this study, the frequency of consumption of some foods was also questioned. As a result; monthly incomes and completion of pregnancy period with dietician and there is no significant relationship between education level and smoking. high education level individuals are more informed about nutrition than low educated individuals. Women who have breakfast habits consumed enough eggs and having snack meal habits are sufficient level of fruit consumption and that individuals with much control over their own health have never used cigarettes.
Nutritional assessment of hiv positive individuals
There is a strong relationship between nutrition and illness. Good nutrition plays a vital role for the immune system. The body's components are the elements which people consume from foods. So we can say that the person should have an adequate and balanced diet. The patient during the illness has a catabolic process which increases the both energy and other nutrient needs. During this catabolic process, the protein destruction commonly occurs. The acute phase of HIV and the stage of AIDS, frequency of malnutrition is highly common. This is important that the nutritional support is vital for the HIV positive person while taking medical therapy. Both ART and HAART provide longer life to the HIV positive individuals. Beside of the malnutrition, these two therapies causes some other nutritional problems. The nutritional problems can be body fat distribution disorder based such as lipodystrophy or other metabolic syndromes. In this thesis study, general health status, being HIV positive and medical therapy process, the drugs and side effects are questioned. Also the 24 hour recall survey is applied. With this survey, the nutritional habits are determined. BMI is calculated and compared to nutritional status. As a result; it is obtained that HIV-positive individuals don't supply the required amount of energy to take daily, across to this, the BMI results showed normal values. The causes of this situation can be the low metabolic rate, sedentary life or psychological status of the HIV positive individuals. More than half of the population (51%) were found to use nutritional supplements. Also revealed that the population has low levels of appetite. More than half the population (55,1%) say that there are no digestive problems in their digestive systems, but the other part of the population has digestive system problems. Key words: HIV, nutrition, malnutrition
A research on the presence of genetically modified organisms in milk
It's sought to expand agricultural fields and increase the productivity of current ones in order to fulfil the food need of the entire world. Accordingly, traditional agricultural methods should be laid aside proceeding to contemporary ones in order to obtain more products. In recent years, new developments in genetic engineering and molecular biotechnology have made it possible for organisms' genetic structures to be changed. Making changes in living organisms' genetic structures through utilizing the technology, it has been attempted to acquire plant and animal species stronger against diseases and pests, and yielding more and quality goods. Among the most cultivated GMO goods are corn, cotton and canola. Consumers constitute most of the genetically modified fodder plants also in global stockbreeding population. Genetically modified fodder plants are used more than traditional ones. The potential risks on human health as a result of using the goods provided from animals eating GMO fodder plants containing GMO raw materials are discussed. In our study, 20 packed and 20 non-packed milk was used. 1 litre was received from the samples and DNA isolation was made. Roche Light Cycler 480 II Real Time PCR was used to work on the isolated DNAs. A control test was also done in order to evaluate the performance of the test. No GMO was detected in the milk samples we analysed in the study, which is considered promising.
Comparision of two different methods for the determination of residues of tetracycline antibiotics in beef and chicken meat
In this study, it is aimed to determine the presence of antibiotics in chickens and calves, which are important for the nutrition due to the protein, fat, minerals and vitamins in the composition of the meat products. By evaluating the factors such as the amount of antibiotic residues, usage areas of antibiotics and frequency, it was tried to contribute to the work done in terms of food safety and community health. Even if there is a small amount of meat and meat products in their diet, the antibiotics may accumulate in the body, resulting in resistance to antibiotics in some bacterial strains, which may lead to a reduction in the effectiveness of antibiotics in human treatment. For the study, 20 poultry meat, 20 pcs of calf meat, which were sold outdoors in various sterile conditions, were collected from various butcheries in Samsun province and delivered to the laboratory in the cold chain. It was stored at -20 ºC until the day of operation. 12 of the beef samples taken from the breast were collected from a slaughter house on different days, 5 of them were butcher, and 3 of them were collected from the meat department of the big markets. Firstly, the antibiotic residues in the samples were qualitatively detected with the MeRA Test. MeRA test; Is a microbiological test containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores for the detection of antimicrobial substance residues. Tetracycline levels were quantitatively analysed by elisa (R-Biopharm) for the samples detected positively as a result of this test. Of the 20 red meat samples studied by the MeRA test, 10 were used; Of the 20 chickens, 19 were positive. That is, of the 40 meat samples studied in total, 29 were found above the acceptable limits. Positive samples were then examined for tetracycline levels by elisa. According to this test, tetracycline was found above the acceptable limits of 4 red meats and 17 chicken meat. Our study is a regional study, with more samples and samples in different regions should be expanded. However, it can be said that it is necessary to ask about the safety of the products that are sold outdoors.
Determination of antibiotic residues in egg samples by elisa
Antibiotics are drugs used in the treatment of infectious diseases. The most basic reason for not using in some foods is to prevent passing on to microorganisms found in the normal flora of animals .Microorganisms such as Salmonella and Campylobacter can be found in the gastrointestinal system, feathers and skin of poultry.Since the microorganisms are likely to be found in chickens,especially egg shells,some tetracyclines and similar antibiotics are given via drinking water. Because of unconscious uses of antibiotics,residues of antibiotics can be occur over the limits from time to time. In our study antibiotic level in eggs with highly day consuption were investigated. Organic and normal egg samples were collected and levels of chloramphenicol and tetracyclines were determined by ELISA method in the laboratory.In all four samples , residues of tetracycline were not found .These four samples are not packaged, but sold outdoors.In other not packed egg samples, it is determined as 0.4-70.8 ppb,and it is in the limits of maximum residue.But,for packed egg samples it was determined between 0,01-3,4 ppb. In 36 samples, none of the chloramphenicol residues were found,while the residues are detected in the four open samples. However, because of the residues of tetracycline are also over the limit, it is thougt to be cross react and can not be ascertained without being confirmed by HPLC management.It is pleasing that the level of the residues on the egg samples is low ,it is a fact that that is necessary to increase the number of studies by enlarging the sample.
Karaman il merkezi lise öğrencilerinin beden algısı ve yeme tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi
Bireyin vücut yapısı, zihninde hayalini kurduğu ideal beden yapısından çok farklı ise beden memnuniyetsizliği görülebilir. Zayıflığın bir güzellik ölçütü olarak kabul edilmesi, "ne kadar zayıf olursam, o kadar güzel olurum" düşüncesi de yanlış yeme tutum ve davranışların edinilmesine neden olduğu saptanmıştır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından "tıbbi dikkat" gerektiren "önemli tıbbi durum" olarak tanımlanan yeme bozukluklarının gençlerdeki yaygınlığı ve sıklığı giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışma Karaman il merkezi lise öğrencilerinin beden algısı ve yeme tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Aralık 2014- Şubat 2015 tarihleri arasında yapılan araştırmanın evrenini Karaman il merkezine bağlı 21 okul oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya toplam 389 kişi katılmıştır. Çalışmaya 254 kız, 135 erkek öğrenci katılmıştır. Okullarda anket formları öğrencilere görüşme esnasında dağıtılmış, aynı anda doldurmaları istenmiş ve sonrasında boy ve kilo ölçümleri yapılarak anket formlarına yazılmıştır. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılan bireylere demografik bilgilerini, beslenme alışkanlıklarını, diyet uygulama durumlarını içeren anket ile yeme tutum testi (EAT-40 ölçeği ) ve beden algı ölçeği verilerek doldurmaları istenmiştir. Çalışmadaki erkek öğrencilerin beden algı puan değerleri kız öğrencilere nazaran oldukça yüksektir (p=0,0001). Farklı okullardaki beden algı puanları benzer şekilde dağılım göstermektedir, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmamaktadır (p=0,106). Lise öğrencilerinin halen eğitim gördükleri sınıflarına göre, beden algı puan ortalama değerleri istatistiksel olarak farklılık göstermektedir (p=0,009). Araştırmada bulunan öğrencilerin anne ve baba eğitim seviyeleri, yaşları ve BKİ gruplar ile Beden Algı puanlarını istatistiksel olarak farklılık göstermemektedir. Kişilerin beden algı puan değerleri, kendilerini nasıl gördükleri kıstasına ve yeterli ve dengeli beslenme algılarına göre ve öğün atlama kıstaslarına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar göstermektedir. Araştırmada yer alan lise öğrencilerinin % 81,7'si Yeme Tutum kıstaslarına göre Düşük Risk grubunda yer alırken, % 10,5'i Orta Düzeyde Risk ve % 7,7'si ise Yüksek Risk Grubunda bulunmaktadırlar. Yeme bozukluğu riski ile cinsiyetleri arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında erkek öğrencilerin Yeme Tutum puan değerleri kız öğrencilere xiv nazaran oldukça düşüktür (p=0,007). Farklı okullarda araştırılan Yeme Tutum puanları; okullar arasında istatistiksel olarak da anlamlı ölçüde farklılıklar göstermektedir (p=0,017). Sağlık Meslek Lisesi dışında aynı okulda okuyan öğrencilerin halen eğitim gördükleri sınıflarına göre, Yeme Tutum puan ortalama değerleri istatistiksel olarak farklılık göstermemektedir. Öğrencilerin Yeme Tutum puanları yaşlarına, ebeveyn eğitim düzeyine ve BKİ gruplarına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ölçüde farklılıklar göstermemektedir (p=0,237; p=0,384). Yeme tutumu ile beden algısının ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Okullarda belli ve düzenli aralıklarla uzmanlar tarafından beslenme eğitim seminerleri düzenlenerek öğrencilerin yeterli ve dengeli beslenme konusunda bilgilendirilmeleri sağlanmalıdır.
Comparison of eating disorders status between first and fourth year of nutrition and dietetics students in a private university in Istanbul
Nutrition is balanced and adequate food intake to ensure protection and development of health. When individuals' requirements, habits, family and social environments are evaluated, nutrition is multi factorial issue which shows alterations and diversity according to age groups. Nowadays, although healthy eating perceptions are frequently emphasized, "thin body perception" which are affected by social pressure and media" also begins significantly important for last years. This condition which increase in developed societies and some societies influenced by Western culture interest particularly university students. Involvement in new social environment, changing of eating habits, becoming "weight subject" as focus in social media and cultural environment induce development of eating disorders. When the university students compare according to their department, some studies suggest that nutrition and dietetics students can be in highly risk group for development of eating disorder because of their enhanced knowledge status about "food", "weight control" and "body composition"[1]. The aim of this study is determination and comparison of eating disorders status between first and fourth year of nutrition and dietetics students. Two hundred two nutrition and dietetics students were recruited from a private university, in İstanbul. The survey was conducted between September 2013 and 2014. All participation was voluntary and protected by not using names. Anthropometric measurements such as weight (kg) and height (cm) were obtained from all participants and these parameters were used for calculation of body mass index (BMI) and Eating Attitudes Test -40 (EAT-40) was applied for determination of eating disorder status. According to data obtained from this study, while 179 of nutrition and dietetics students (88.6%) did not have eating disorder, 6 of students (3%) have eating disorder and 17 of students (8.4%) have moderate risk for development of eating disorder. When students are compared according to their class, first year of nutrition and dietetics students exhibited that 3.3% of them had eating disorder behavior and 9.1% students had moderate risk for development for eating disorder; fourth year of the students demonstrated that 2.5% of them had eating disorder behavior and 7.4% of the students had moderate risk for abnormal eating behavior. The difference between classes and eating disorder behaviors of students was not found statistically significant. (p>0.05)
Study of antibiotic removals in various honey samples with different methods
In today's livestock applications, the use of veterinary medicines is very important for the efficient and safe production of meat, fish, milk, eggs and honey. The use of these drugs is subject to strict licensing and approval procedures with a system similar to that of medicinal products. Medicines and other chemical substances are used for the prevention of diseases and acceleration of development in animals. However, it is considered to be a residue if it exceeds the limits of food, such as meat, milk, eggs, honey. In our work, we collected 20 pieces of packaged, 20 pieces of honey sold in unpacked. Unpacked samples were collected from various cities beekeeping of Turkey (Erzurum, Siirt, Malatya, Kars, Gümüşhane, Çanakkale, Artvin, Erzincan, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize) . Packaged samples were obtained from the market. Bought samples were delivered to the laboratory in sterile conditions in the cold chain and stored at 2-8 ° C until the working day. Firstly, the antibiotic residues in the samples were qualitatively detected with the MeRA Test. Tetracyclin levels of all samples were then quantitatively determined by elisa method. This test is intended to qualitatively determine the results. This kit is designed to be optimized for meat products. 40 samples were analyzed and the positivity was found 19 samples sold in open and in 16 samples of packaged samples. Compared with Elisa, the MeRA test was found to be a cheap, fast and practical test for Tetracycline residues. As a result, it is seen that the use of antibiotics is still uncontrolled in honey production in our country. Be more careful for quality honey production.
Investigation of the antibiotic (tetracycline) residuesin the chick liver
DEMİRCİ, S. (2017). Investigation of Antibiotic (Tetracycline) Residues in Chicken Liver. Yeditepe University. Institute of Health Science, Master Thesis. İstanbul This study was carried out on 100 chicken liver sold outdoor in order to investigate tetracycline residues in chicken liver. Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a bird species raised for meat and eggs in farms that have begun industrialization since World War II. It is a food that is consumed a lot because of reasons such as chicken has high quality protein, low cholesterol, cheaper than red meat in the world and our country. In production facilities, antibiotics are used for the purpose of protecting chickens from growing diseases and growing chickens that grow faster and faster with less loss. Tetracycline group antibiotics are widely used in chickens due to their broad spectrum and low toxic effects. Antibiotic residues arise because antibiotics are discontinued following the ten-day cutting ban after use or when high doses can not be eliminated from the tissues and organs of the chickens. This situation causes the antibiotic residues in the cut chicken to pass to humans and the environment. This study was conducted because of the high consumption of chickens in the world and especially in our country. In the study, 100 poultry liver samples collected from the market were collected and antibiotic residue levels were examined. The qualitative test was used for the MeRA test, and tetracycline levels were quantitatively analyzed with elisa test. In all of the samples, antibiotic residue levels were found to be qualitatively positive. Specifically, when tetracycline residues are considered, it is found that 16% of the samples are above the maximum residue limits and 3% are at the limit values. In the remaining samples, tetracycline values were found to be within acceptable maximum residue limits. This suggests that antibiotics should be used in chickens and the cut date of chickens given antibiotics should be considered. In addition, when the legal requirements imposed in our country are complied with, such situations will also stop to exist. Key Words: Chicken, chicken liver, antibiotic, residue, tetracycline, MeRA test, elisa test
Investigation of antibiotic residues in dairy products
Milk and dairy products are not only one of the basic foodstuffs, are also among the risky products in terms of containing chemical residues veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, genetically modified organism products (GMO), dioxin and similar chemical products. These chemicals that can be found in milk come from industrial or agricultural sources. Milk containing antibiotics cause pathogenic microorganisms to gain resistance. They cause allergic reactions in some people and therefore cause negative consequences. Compared with the danger of antibiotic resistance, the risk of toxicity caused by the residues caused by drugs permitted for use in foodstuffs is very low. In addition to, the EU has set the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of veterinary drugs in animal feedstuffs to prevent people from being exposed to residues at harmful levels. In our country, Maximum Residue Levels in Animal Food Material; has been determined in the 2002/30 numbered communiqué of Turkish Food Codex. 40 milk samples were examined in our study. These samples were studied as qualitative analysis by MiRA test; Beta lactam ELISA test kit also performed quantitative antibiotic residue tests. As a result, positivity was found in 4 (10%) of 40 samples by both methods. When all the studies are examined, the antibiotic residue problem in milk and dairy products still continues, the beta lactam levels in the lower limits of our study have been evaluated as promising. However, these studies should be extended with more examples and milk and dairy products should be routinely analyzed in terms of hygiene criteria. Because not only antibiotic residues, but also food substances such as mycotoxins, pesticides, hormones, heavy metals must be examined for various pollutants.
Fast food tipi besinlerdeki patojenlerin incelenmesi
Fast food consuming has increased due to its practicality, taste and apperance. Furthermore food borne illness is one of the most frequent public health problem in both develop and developing countries. Food safety of fast foods including meat, poultry and fish which are sold by small scaled shops and vendors have become issue of concern by science reseachers. In this study, 50 of samples that were used fast foods such as hamburger, döner were purchased from a local fast food restaurants in Istanbul/Kadıköy and analized in the terms of microbiological quality and food safety. In the study, speices of pathogen microoganisms which were found in the samples were defined by microbial methods. Samples were incubated on culture media and kept at the 37 °C for 48 hours in order to detect microorganisms. Gram staining method was used to differentiate Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical tests were used for the species which could not be defined by direct microscopic count method. Catalase test was used to differentiate Staphylacoccus/ Streptococcus. Coagulase test was used to identify of S.aureus. Oxidase test was used to identfy Gram-negative bacteria speices. VITEC 2.0 ve API®/ID32 C microbiology identification systems including a variety of microbial identification systems and cards were used as extented indentification. In the study, no growh of microorganism was detected in 17 (34%) samples in 50. From 33 samples which were pathogenic microorganisms isolated, , 3- 3,47 log cfu/g Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus was isolated in 2 samples (4 %), 3-4 log cfu/g S.aureus was isolated in 8 samples (16 %), 3 -6 log cfu/g Streptococcus was isolated in 8 samples (16% ), 4,6 log cfu/g Salmonella spp. was isolated in 1 sample (2%), 3-6 log cfu/g Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 5 samples (10%) and 3-4,90 log cfu/g E.coli was isolated in 6 samples (12%), 3 log cfu/g Enterobacter spp. was isolated in 1 sample (2%), 12 cfu/g Aspergillus spp. was isolated in 3 samples (6%), 9 cfu/g Penicillum spp. was isolated in 9 samples (18%), 1 cfu/g Rhizopus spp. was isolated in 1 sample (2%) and 2 cfu/g Rhodotorula spp. was isolated in 2 samples (4%). Total microbial colony count was detected between 3 log cfu- 6,0047 log cfu/g. Total microbial load is log 4,93 cfu/g in all samples, 4,69 log cfu/g in beef samples, 5.10 cfu/g in chicken samples, 3 log cfu/g in fish sample on average And it is determined that cooked chicken döner has lower microbiological quality than meat döner in our study. Detection of undesired bacterias in food which are risks of health shows hygenical conditions are inadequate. Personnel hands are thought to be reason of contaminations. In the light of the results of this study indicates microbial criterias must be well noticed in the stages from the selection of raw materials, storage, preparation to service. Key words: Microbial load, fast food, food safety, foodborne pathogens.
Research on the presence of ochratoxin A in the corns sold outside in istanbul province
Mycotoxins which are found in foods, can go into human body through consumption of those foods, gain more importance day by day and endanger health due to generation of toxic metabolite have become increasingly a substantial research subject. The fungi that are responsible from the generation of mycotoxins can be found everywhere, because they are conveyed by air. However, their contamination can vary by the type of the product, geographical situation, seasons and years. Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi of Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Apart from several toxins produced by limited number of species, numerous mycotoxins are generated by a great variety of species. Grain production has a place in the global food supply which represents 50 percent of total daily caloric intake of people. Ochratoxins usually exist in barley, wheat, corn, rye, oat, fig, bean olive, raisin, nuts, spices, coffee, beer, medicinal herbs, herbal tea and grapefruit juice. Fungal injection and production of mycotoxins can start in harvest, processing and storage. In particular, situation of the cereals during storage is a basic factor for the growth of mycotoxins. Ambient conditions such as humidity and temperature are the leading factors for safety of the cereal products. The study aimed to analyze 40 corn samples gathered from various district bazaars and markets of İstanbul province. The samples were taken from the corns which are not sold under a brand. The risk evaluation of OTA in this product group was performed. Key Word: Corn, Ochratoxin A, ELISA Method, contamination