Cyprus (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 1983-)
102 theses under this subject heading
Discussion of Conservation Approaches for the Selected Heritage Buildings in the Walled City of Famagusta
ABSTRACT: The Walled City of Famagusta is a multi-layered city of several socio-cultural and architectural heritages, from various stratus of time, each strata contributing to the richness of the historic city of Famagusta. The evidence of the several layers of architecture can be seen all within the city. To sustain this multi-layered architectural richness, the conservation of these layers of architecture for future generations is vital. To conserve these periods of architecture in the Walled City of Famagusta requires exploration of varying conservation approaches that are internationally valid to provide guidelines for adaptive reuse purpose. The focus of this thesis is to discuss conservation approaches through adaptive reuse for some selected buildings located within the Walled City of Famagusta. Adaptive reuse, as undertaken within this thesis, does not just change the program or function of the spatial environment, but may also prolong the authenticity of cultural and natural heritage of the place. Therefore, the main focus here is to shed some light on conservation of the authentic qualities of heritage buildings while at the same time assigning new uses considering contemporary needs of the users. The core aim of this thesis to provide a foundation for the documentation and appreciation of several architectural conservation approaches for selected periods of architecture in the Walled City of Famagusta and to provide guidelines for efficient conservation through adaptive reuse that is peculiar to selected buildings which are internationally sound. This was to answer the research question which is “what are the various internationally valid architectural conservation approaches that can be adopted for selected architectural products of different periods in the Walled City of Famagusta?” The bases of this thesis are adopted and evaluated through five case studies from the Walled City of Famagusta, which represents various periods of architecture; they are Chimney House, Cafer Pasha Hammam, Old Police Station, Gazi Elementary School and Efecan Building Complex. To achieve the aim of this thesis a Qualitative research methods are adopted through document review of case studies and on-site investigation, and also a critical literature reviews on these topics; Architectural conservation, adaptive reuse, international documents of conservation, authenticity, space, current agenda of conservation, current legal legislation of conservation in North Cyprus. Authenticity measurements stated by the Nara Document on Authenticity are detailed to extract the authentic spatial qualities of the case studies and accordingly proposals are anticipated for the future of these spaces, based on the analysis. The results of this research shows the peculiarity of the various periods of architecture in the Walled City of Famagusta, with guidelines towards conservation through adaptive reuse and the international conservation principles and charters that can be adopted to meet the peculiar needs of each selected period of architecture. Keywords: Adaptive Reuse, International Documents of Conservation, Space, Authenticity, Walled City of Famagusta
Evaluating Influences of the Buffer Zone to the Immediate Context of Nicosia Walled City Identity
City identity is the characteristics that unify one place or city from the others. As it’s been perceived lately, there is an issue of division in many cities. The walled city of Nicosia is suffering from the establishment of the buffer zone that influences the environmental and social identity of the City. Nicosia is the capital city of Cyprus Island. It is the last divided capital in Europe. This study is aimed to evaluate the influences of the buffer zone on the immediate context identity in the Northern part. Within this study, the qualitative analysis method has been used. Six zones within the walled city, are Kafesli (residential), Haydarpasa (mixed use), Selimiye (mixed use), Iplikpazari and korkutefendi (commercial), Karamanzade (mixed use), and finally, Arabahmet (residential) have been chosen to conduct the study. Physical analysis was carried out at the site for the most unique buildings, streets, squares, and parks if available within the zones as well an interview survey of 15 participants from each zone have been done. The findings indicate that the buffer zone has a negative influence on the immediate context. In general, buildings are in poor condition and the physical environments are unmaintained. On the other hand, especially the parts which are close to the Lokmacı Gate; which is a passage between Northern and Southern parts, are in better condition. The traditional buildings are generally used for commercial activities or mix-uses. The opening of the Lokmacı Gate brought dynamic energy to the close distance. The buildings were renewed and re-functioned such as cafés, bars, restaurants, commercial uses, etc. These areas attract people during the day and nighttime activities.
Economic Impacts of Educational Tourism on Host Community. A Comparative Study in Famagusta and Lefke, North Cyprus
Educational Tourism plays an important role in the lives of host community. There are three types of impacts which affect their lives. Such as: economic, socio-cultural and environmental. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the hosts' perceptions on Educational Tourism development and to achieve broadened perspective of Edu - Tourism on economical concern of the host community of two regions of North Cyprus – Famagusta and Lefke. By comparing these two locations and level of impacts in each of them we will gather in-depth data which will help us to understand the path in which “younger” destination – Lefke will develop in future for educational tourism. To measure the impacts of Educational Tourism in Famagusta and Lefke, North Cyprus, data was collected from 24 host residents who lives in these regions. So, the sampling of our study was local people from different regions of Famagusta and Lefke, North Cyprus who lived there for more than 20 years, because in our opinion, those people are the ones who noticed the effects of development of educational tourism better than those who lived here smaller period of time. Qualitative data collection was used to collect the information via semi-structured interviews and face-to-face interactions with locals. The findings of our study revealed that most of the respondents benefit from Educational tourism development, although there are some negative impacts that were mentioned by interviewees. Most of the findings of this study are supported by the results of previous studies which were mentioned in literature part of the research. Keywords: Educational tourism, Economic impacts, Famagusta, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, Resident attitudes, EMU, EUL
Exploring Design Strategies of Modern School Buildings in Cyprus (1945-1974)
The education system played an important role socially and school buildings played an important role visually first in the dissemination of nationalism when the ethno nationalist movements within the Turkish and Greek-Cypriot communities increased dramatically under British colonial rule (1878-1960), and later in the dissemination of internationalism in the mid-20th century. Despite the increased conflict and nationalism, which was reflected by Neo-Greek architectural elements, the striking impact of the International Style turned school buildings into representations of the communities’ attitudes towards modernism. After Second World War, the Style embodied by many school buildings conveyed science-based modern thought; modernization attempts for political, economic and social reforms; and the strong commitment of the first modernist Cypriot architects to the spirit of the time and the philosophy of the modern. In this study, the main aim is to understand how post-war school buildings in Cyprus are identified as unique artefacts transformed from an ‘ethnicity-based’ image into an ‘environment-based’ form that is more associated with the modernization, decolonization and nation-building processes from which local nuances of mainstream modernism emerged. Besides the effects of socio-political environment, and implementation of International Style principles in Modern Cyprus school buildings, especially climate-sensitive design strategies of the post-war architectural culture is examined as an important value that determines a new aesthetic understanding. Accordingly, this study explored post-war school buildings to illustrate their transformation from a monumental, resplendent and nationalist image to a rational, international Mediterranean Modern image under the influence of diverse political regimes, with both images implicitly conveying a socio-political fusion in the architecture of Cyprus. Keywords: school buildings, nationalism, modernism, design with climate, Cyprus
Impact of Virtual Reality Technology’s Quality on the Selection of Tourism Destination: An Empirical Investigation in North Cyprus
The use of virtual reality in the tourism industry continues to rise remarkably due to the significant advantages for supply and demand sides. This dissertation examines the IS Success model's essential parameters in the context of virtual reality (VR) to assess how they influence the individual visit intention towards a touristic destination. Despite the extensive research about VR, however, only little has examined the impact of factors that alter customers' attitudes and trigger purchasing intention. This current research paper applied Information Systems Success Model and conducted a survey using the convenience sampling method with tourists who visited Northern Cyprus. The data were analyzed using the Partial Least Square –Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. The findings demonstrated that VR has great potential to influence visitors' final destination by promoting tourism products and services. This dissertation revealed that VR, as a marketing medium, creates positive impacts and stimulates individuals' intentions to visit a destination. The study provides implications for tourism sector actors such as tourism planners, policymakers, travel agencies, and hotel managers as well as prosocial guest experience to improve their marketing strategies.
Empowerment, Wellbeing and Mindset of Female Ecotourism Entrepreneurs in North Cyprus
As a small island in the Mediterranean, Cyprus is striving to develop a sustainable tourism model. Despite the limited opportunities due to the ongoing political problems of the island, the number and activities of women ecotourism entrepreneurs in Northern Cyprus has shown inspiring growth over the last decade. This study examines the impacts of ecotourism initiatives on women’s gender roles, from the perspectives of women, who are influenced by the traditional lifestyles in a developing country, North Cyprus, stuck in a frozen conflict. It assesses the achievements and challenges women face in ecotourism and its impact on their empowerment and wellbeing and the effects of an incremental growth mindset. The empowerment of these women through tourism can lead to their flourishing - higher levels of wellbeing - that influences their commitment and further involvement in the sector. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were conducted to compare the results. The quantitative research model was developed based on the Self-Determination Theory. Our sample included 200 women ecotourism entrepreneurs in rural areas of Northern Cyprus. Our results show that women who have growth mindsets, i.e. those that believe people’s characteristics such as abilities are not fixed, benefit more from an empowering environment and reach higher levels of flourishing. A qualitative methodology with a feminist research was adopted to collect detailed information from forty female ecotourism entrepreneurs. Valuable information about their experiences, beliefs and attitudes, from the perspective of these female entrepreneurs, was collected through semi-structured interviews. The qualitative results supported that these women experienced an increase in their perceived economic, social and psychological empowerment and in their levels of wellbeing. However, due to gender inequality and the frozen conflict situation of North Cyprus, it was found that women who have a high growth mindset felt lower levels of wellbeing than those with a fixed mindset. This was because women with a high growth mindset were more aware of the limitations imposed on them by gender inequality and the political situation pertaining to North Cyprus which caused them to be frustrated. The research concludes that although all female ecotourism entrepreneurs experienced more empowerment and wellbeing, those with a high incremental mindset were frustrated by external factors which circumscribed their activities. The results can guide policy makers and stakeholder organizations in their efforts to support rural development, microfinance opportunities and women’s empowerment and well-being. Keywords: Self Determination Theory, Psychological Empowerment, Flourishing, Women Entrepreneurship, Growth Mindset, Ecotourism
Mindfulness & Employee Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
The research purpose is to investigate whether mindfulness as a personal characteristic might be associated with higher levels of organizational citizenship behavior. To understand the nature of the association between Mindfulness (MAAS) & organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), possible mediating role of other variables such as job stress (JSS), & job satisfaction (IWS) were also assessed. The sample consists of employees at Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, (n= 196). A self-administered questionnaire was used, the data collection lasted for one month. Analysis of the data & hypothesis testing was conducted using SPSS v23 & SmartPLS. The positive association between mindfulness & organizational citizenship behavior was indirectly explained by job stress which is reduced by mindfulness & when it is lower leads to higher OCB. Whereas, job satisfaction is enhanced by mindfulness & when it is higher it leads to higher OCB. Mindfulness training may help to prepare the necessary context for the employees to have higher levels of organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, the results help us to have a better understanding of the mechanism by which mindfulness leads to higher organizational citizenship behavior. Keywords: Organizational citizenship behavior, Job stress, Job satisfaction, Mindfulness.
An Empirical Analysis of Edu-Tourism as a Potential Sustainable Option- A View from Residents: The Case of North Cyprus
The review of the related studies in respect the tourism indicated that more attention has devoted to the perceptions and attitudes of people from different communities toward tourism. Many of these studies have concentrated generally on tourism and particularly alternative tourism. The current study aimed to investigate the perceptions of the resident in respect to socio-cultural, economic, and environmental sustainability of Edu-tourism. This study in somehow contribute the literature of Edu-tourism and it examines the perceptions of the residents in respect to the tourism in Northern of Cyprus. The participants of this study were 300 residents that were surveyed in the city of Famagusta in Northern Cyprus to find out their attitudes and perceptions in respect to the sustainability of Edu-tourism. For analyzing the perceptions of the residents of the social, economic and environmental effects of edu-tourism, ANOVA and Cramer’s V tests were employed. Moreover, the effect of the socio-demographic characteristics of the residents on their perceptions and attitudes was also investigated. The results of this study showed that the residents have different attitudes in respect to the sustainability of edu-tourism and they mostly have a positive view about edu-tourisms. Keywords: residents’ perception, edu-tourism, community impacts, sustainability, edu-tourism destination.
Service failure and recovery in the airline industry: Evidence from the TRNC
The marketing concept is based on the principle of satisfying customers. The ultimate goal of marketing and marketers is to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction and to enhance the relationship with customers. Loyal customers are the most profitable group for companies. Service failures are unwanted defects but they are inevitable. Service failures can happen both during the process of service delivery and as a result of delivery process. Therefore, to avoid dissatisfaction and keep the current customer satisfied, service providers have a second chance which is called ‘service recovery’. It is important for the service provider to employ effective service recovery strategies to alter undesirable consequences of failures (Maxham, 2001). The aim of the study is to investigate the service failure recovery experiences of airline passengers who are flying to or from Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Ercan Airport. This research will identify the failure types that passengers experience during their travel and the recovery strategies used by the service firms. The study also explores customer expectations (the expected recovery action) when the recovery had not been attempted. The study also aims to measure whether passengers are satisfied with the recovery strategies used and their behavioral intentions (e.g., WOM intentions and repurchase intentions) after the recovery process. This study shed light on managing customer relations within the airline industry in North Cyprus. Delay of flight, damaged and lost luggage, uncomfortable seats, and food and beverage quality were identified as the most frequent experienced failure types by passengers. Explanation, apology and professional and friendly staff attitude iv were identified as mostly used recovery strategies by airlines. Explanation, offering a better service and apology were identified as the mostly frequently expected recovery strategies. Further, there exist negative relationships among perceived severity of the service failure and satisfaction with the recovery and time taken to resolve a problem and satisfaction with the recovery (i.e. as time taken and perceived severity increase, satisfaction drops). On the other hand, positive relationships were found among satisfaction with the recovery and overall satisfaction, overall satisfaction and repurchase intentions and overall satisfaction and recommending the airlines. Keywords: Service recovery, satisfaction, loyalty, airline industry, North Cyprus.
Determinants of Inflation in a Micro Economy: The Case of Northern Cyprus
This thesis aims to identify the determinants of inflation in Northern Cyprus. The thesis uses monthly data from 2015-2021. Unit root test results indicate that there is mixed-order integration for variables. The bounds test under the ARDL approach verified that the variables have a long-run association. The findings indicate that inflation rates in Turkey, minimum wage, electricity prices, exchange rates and government spending are the factors that have a significant impact on the long-term inflation rates in Northern Cyprus. Specifically, a 10 percentage point increase in inflation rates in Turkey, minimum wage, electricity prices, exchange rates, and government spending will result in a 9.4, 0.7, 0.99, 1.3, and -0.29 percentage point rise in inflation rates in Northern Cyprus, respectively. Therefore the main finding of this study is that the Türkiye's inflation rate largely determines and causes inflation in Northern Cyprus.
Exploring English Language Teachers’ Perceptions Towards LGBTQ Issues: A Case Study in Northern Cyprus
This study addresses a significant gap in English Language Teaching (ELT) literature by examining the incorporation of queer pedagogy in northern Cyprus. It investigates the perspectives of English language teachers in University Preparatory departments regarding discussions on queer issues within their classrooms. The aim is to bridge the theory-practice gap in ELT by exploring the impact of queer perspectives on instructional materials and the dynamics between educators and learners. In an effort to uncover the challenges faced by teachers in integrating queer pedagogy into their classrooms, this study revealed generational differences among teachers in their approach to LGBTQ issues. It also highlighted the pressing need for institutional support and resources to facilitate inclusive education practices. Data for this study was collected through a combination of questionnaires and interviews with in-service English language teachers. The study's findings are expected to raise awareness of the importance of incorporating queer pedagogy in EFL classrooms to create inclusive and supportive learning environments. Traditional EFL teaching methods have often neglected discussions on sexuality and gender identity, potentially marginalising queer students. By integrating queer pedagogy, this research aims to foster critical discussions about sexual and gender identities, challenge societal norms, and promote social justice. Ultimately, it seeks to equip educators to navigate and address these crucial aspects, contributing to a more comprehensive and supportive educational framework.
Impact of Investment Incentives on Employment in TRNC
After 1974, North of Cyprus became a unique country, and the markets in the country faced various obstacles due to its international unrecognition and controversial property regime. TRNC governments have developed various incentive programs to eliminate market failures, increase investment attractiveness and eliminate geopolitical problems. The Investment Incentives Law (47/2000), which is operated under the State Planning Organisation, is the most comprehensive and widely used of the implemented programmes. Although a priority sector has not been determined within the scope of this law, the main beneficiary sectors are tourism and industry. The Law provides investors with various tax breaks and exemptions, as well as land allocation, subsidized loans, and other exemptions. This study examines the relationship between investment incentives given in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since 2002 and employment in the country. The main research point of the study is to what extent investment incentives affect domestic employment and sectoral employment. In line with the results obtained, it has been concluded that investment incentives given to the industrial sector affect domestic employment, while tourism investment incentives affect more of foreign employment. In addition, industrial investment incentives positively affect employment in the industry sector and service sector investment incentives positively affect employment in the services sector. It has also been determined that industrial investments affect employment with a lag of one year and tourism investments with a lag of two years. Keywords: Investment, Incentives, Employment, Northern Cyprus
Cinemagoing, Turkish Cypriot Audience and Turkish Nationalism in 1950s Cyprus
The present study proposes a new approach to examine rise of Turkish nationalism associated with cinema culture mainly in political and historical contexts of 1950s Cyprus. While the study has an original case and makes a contribution to the literature with new knowledge, it also introduces a new approach for the research on the phenomenon; by using micro-historical approaches of new cinema history. Cinema business and practices has its golden age in 1950s by the development of Turkish Cinema in Turkey and increasing number of movie theatres, cantered mainly in Nicosia and spread to other cities and villages, among Turkish Cypriot community. The period was also important in sense on political developments. Anti-colonial and inter-communal conflicts became extreme movements. Ethnocentric diversity and national fragmentation speeded up. Cinemagoing experiences had been shaped by this political context and also had significant influences on political developments vice versa. To achieve its goals, the study mainly focuses on the objectives of exploring the early experiences of cinema in multi-communal context, identifying transformation of the cinemagoing experience during the rise of ethnic diversity and nationalism, questioning the influence of Turkish films on Turkish Cypriot national and ethnic identity and finally approaching to movie theatre as a new public sphere as a center for social interaction and national identity formation. Drawing on archival research in different centers and archives in both Northern and Southern Cyprus and on oral history; the present study aims to use both early cinema theories and new approaches of cinema history in order to examine the cinema as a political and national scope, addressing the direct and indirect role of cinemagoing and film consumption in political and sociocultural contexts of 1950s as Turkish Cypriot culture become increasingly aligned with Turkish nationalism. In other words, the present study aims to provide new sights for cinemagoing culture in Cyprus during the 1950s from national identity formation and national belonging horizons.
A Study of Turkish Teacher Candidates’ Language Anxiety
The main aim of the current study is to explore the foreign language anxiety and teaching foreign language anxiety of the prospective teachers at Atatürk Teacher Training Academy in Nicosia. The sample of the present study was constituted from 45 prospective teachers. Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and Teacher Foreign Language Anxiety (TFLAS) and semi-structured interview as a mixed research method to transcribe findings. Frequency, Cronbach Alpha, Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis-H test, Tamhane and Spearman Correlation Analysis had been executed to draw findings. Findings reported that no statistical significance was existed in gender and formal years to study English Language in contexts of foreign language learning anxiety and teacher foreign language learning anxiety. However, form and department studied was found statistically significant with teacher foreign language anxiety. In addition to these, Spearman Correlation test results revealed that a significant, positive and moderate relationship was existed among teaching foreign language anxiety and learning foreign language anxiety. Besides of these, mixed minds while studying English exam, feeling to left behind as English classes moving quickly, experiencing difficulties to understand the words which mentioned by native speakers, lack of confidence while speaking were found the factors which are triggering the foreign language and teaching foreign language anxiety respectively. Qualitative findings exerted that giving oral presentation in front of crowded classes, incorrect pronunciation, failing to provide answers to students were the major ingredients of anxiety at learning and teaching contexts.
Impact of International Students on a Small Economy: Evidence from North Cyprus
In the recent years there has been a mass influx of international students to various education hubs across the globe. The resulting concentration of the students in their destinations of choice have increased the market share of the goods and services provided in such towns and economies. This thesis examines the empirical relationship between the enrollment of international students within universities in North Cyprus, and economic growth during the period between 1977- 2020. the Augmented model of Dobb Douglas production function is conducted to establish if international students kindle the expansion of the economy process. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methodology is used to evaluate the model’s significance and the comparative relevance of various factors such as capital investment and labor force that could cause an effect on the Turkish Cypriot economy. On the basis of the findings, approximated, power of explication endorses the opinion that international students in the long and short run, it may be a helpful booster of the home economy. Additionally, there is a unidirectional flow from international students to economic growth in the long run.
New vs Traditional Social Environments: Usage of Social Networks by Digital Natives for Interpersonal Communication
Social Network Sites (SNS), particularly Facebook, have become extremely popular among digital natives, especially university-level students. Moreover, they sometimes may see the SNS as the new communication platform for interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication skill levels both in the social and e social environment of digital natives are measured in order to figure out whether there is any statistically significant difference between two environments in terms of sending clear messages, listening, giving and getting feedback, and handling emotional interactions. Based on the Social Information Processing and Uses and Gratifications Theories, this study explores attitudes of English speaking tertiary students who study at the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies at the Eastern Mediterranean University in North Cyprus in 2018. Interpersonal Communication Skills Inventory has been used to find out the IPCS scores of students in order to have an idea about the IPCS profiles of the students both in “social” and “e-social” environments. This study also aims to explore whether there is a difference between the four dimensions (sending clear messages, listening, giving and getting feedback, and handling emotional interactions) of interpersonal communication skills (IPCS) on social and e-social environments. The results of this study indicate that tertiary students need to improve their IPCS in both environments. Also, there is merely statistically significant difference between sending clear messages section on social and e-social environments. Keywords: Social Information Processing Theory, Uses and Gratifications Theory, Social Network Sites, Facebook, Interpersonal Communication Skills
Factors Influencing the Loyalty of Eastern Mediterranean University Graduates
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to determine factors affecting the overall perceptions and experiences of the Eastern Mediterranean University alumni. The objective of this study was to measure how satisfied the graduates were with the level of communication and education they experienced their studies on a demographic and attitudinal basis. This study is based on the case study conducted through the quantitative research methodology by using the survey method with new EMU graduates. One of the most prominent issue was that of fairness among the issues raised from this research. Students believe that occasionally, their course instructors may not be fair or treat their students as ‘equal’ when grading. This may lead to the lack of self-esteem in students, affect their sense of belonging and directly impact their studies. The results of this study also indicate that students require additional support and that the necessary facilities should be in place from the very beginning of their studies, ensuring they have the support and facilities, they require in place for them to achieve a sense of belonging and the channels to voice their needs. It indirectly indicates that instructors also require additional support when it comes to interpersonal communication and some teaching skills. Keywords: Loyalty, Alumni Satisfaction, Sense of Belonging, Perception, University Graduate.
The Impact of Service Innovation Culture on Employee Service Innovation Behavior and New Service Development: Evidence from North Cyprus Hotel Industry
The aim of this study is to focus on the service innovation culture in the formation of employees’ service innovation behavior and new service development based on two fit theories. More specifically, the research evaluates and examines the mediating role of challenge-oriented citizenship behavior, charged behavior and knowledge sharing in the aforementioned relationship. To test the hypotheses, two-step structural equation modeling with bootstrapping estimation was conducted in AMOS, using data from four-hundred full-time hotel employees over a one-month time period. This thesis establishes that the development of a service innovation culture is positively related to the employee service innovation behavior and new service development. In addition, the results indicate that there is a partially mediating role for the challenge-oriented citizenship behavior, expanded charged behavior (encompassing vitality and creative self-efficacy) and knowledge sharing of employees in the relationship among service innovation culture with employee service innovation behavior and new service development. Findings of this thesis highlight the need for managers to incorporate a secure and trusting work environment so hotel employees will eagerly participate in the service innovation process by voicing their novel ideas, and communicating through sharing their knowledge. Managers can also consider the significance of the employee selection procedures and take advantage of employing university graduate for service jobs. Keywords: Service innovation culture, employee service innovation behavior, new service development, challenge-oriented citizenship behavior, charged behavior, knowledge sharing.
Measuring Efficiency Gains of Fuel Substitution in Thermal Power Generation
As the global population and affluence increase, electricity demand will increase accordingly. Although pressure from the international community due to increased environmental awareness has led to a surge in the use of clean and renewable sources for electricity generation over the past decade (especially in developed countries), over half of the world’s electrical energy used today is from steam turbine generators burning fossil fuels, with large scale fossil-fueled plants providing most of the world’s baseload generating capacity. Meanwhile, many thermal power plants worldwide- mostly in undeveloped countries - are inefficient and can be optimized financially and economically and minimize their environmental impact. Fuel flexibility and choosing the correct type of thermal plant appropriate to the forecast load can be considered in maintaining power generation efficiency. This study aims to undertake a Cost-Effectiveness analysis (CEA) of two different power generating technologies - Internal Combustion (Diesel) and combined cycle gas turbines – in the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) by analyzing the appropriateness of using heavy fuel oil (HFO) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) to ascertain an economically optimum combination, nonetheless, could be extended to any other place with the appropriateness of these types of plants.
Comparative Analysis of Commercial and Cooperative Banks in TRNC Banking Sector Using CAMELS Rating System
Although significant CAMELS performance analysis has been done before in the worldwide literature, a comparative analysis between commercial banks and cooperative banks which is covering the TRNC banking sector has not been made yet. Therefore, this study aims to fulfil this gap in the existing academic literature and lead other upcoming studies would be made at the same scope. In this study, private banks and cooperative banks in the TRNC banking sector will be compared with the help of the CAMELS rating system. The data of 11 commercial banks and 3 cooperative banks were used in the analysis between 2014 and 2019. According to the data obtained in the study, Turkish Bank showed the best performance among the 14 banks covered in the study, while Universal Bank showed the worst performance. Apart from this, the top five banks with the best performance are Turk Bank, Albank, ME-KOOP, Creditwest Bank, and OYAK, respectively. Additionally, it was noteworthy that the performances of Capital Bank and Asbank were also positive. It would be correct to interpret that, these seven banks have improved themselves and performed well compared to previous years. On the other hand, banks with scores below zero are interpreted as having low performance. Banks that perform below zero are Akfinans Bank, Seker Bank, Nova Bank, Near East Bank, Iktisat Bank, DAU-KOOP, and Universal Bank, respectively, from largest to smallest. Although the research sample of cooperative banks is constricted, it is seen that there are two cooperative banks among the top five banks with the best performance, considering the six years discussed.
Impacts of COVID-19 on Tourism Industry in Famagusta, Northern Cyprus
The study sought to examine the impacts of COVID -19 on tourism in the case of Famagusta town, in North Cyprus. Via a qualitative research approach, data is collected through face-to-face interviews from direct and indirect tourism stakeholders operating in Famagusta. Famagusta one of the largest towns in North Cyprus is a attractive tourist destination, boasting some of the best pristine beaches for sun, sea and sand experience as we well as interesting historical sites. A judgmental sampling strategy was employed to collect data from tourism stakeholders on the impacts of COVID-19 on tourism. Descriptive data analysis is engaged to report the results. Results of the study showed that, the novel corona virus has hampered on the tourism sector in Famagusta, North Cyprus. Indeed, as the globe suffered its effects in terms of economic gains, business and business closure. It has been the same with Famagusta, while a few private sectors positively gained (Internet and Technology), all other tourism reliant sectors such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies and the transport sector massively suffered as a result of the global lockdown due to COVID 19 pandemic. And, although restrictions have been eased off and it is back to business again, work has not been the same again. Evidently customers are less and there is reduced travel and tourist arrivals in the country. Tourism is an essential sector in the town and country at large, as such practical implications encourage all stakeholders to actively endorse precautionary measures in business. Furthermore, recommendations to ensure vaccines and strict quarantine measures are affected were made in thus study. Keywords: Tourism Planning, Covid-19 Impacts, Pandemics
Risk Assessment of Airbnb from Host’s Perspective: Evidence from a Mediterranean Island
In the context of sharing economy, Airbnb has become a formidable mode of accommodation in the tourism industry worldwide, with a presence in over 34,000 cities in 191 countries. However, the risks associated with online bookings are significant dimensions of this e-market domain. This study assesses Airbnb hosts‘ perceived risks and investigates the effects of service, financial, safety and security, psychological and political risks on the host‘s satisfaction and intention to continue and recommend this business to potential hosts. A survey was administered to 221 Airbnb hosts located in Northern Cyprus. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed conceptual model. The results revealed that host satisfaction is negatively influenced by financial and safety and security risks; continuance intention is negatively affected by financial, safety and security, and political risks; intention to recommend this business is negatively affected by political risk; and psychological risk increases satisfaction and intention to continue and recommend. By highlighting the theoretical and managerial implications, this study informs Airbnb management of the potential risks associated with this peer-to-peer (P2P) business in order to minimize the associated risks, enhance host satisfaction and the quality of their services, and encourage hosts to recommend Airbnb to their peers. Keywords: Airbnb, Risk, Host, Sharing Economy, Psychological Risk, Peer-to-Peer Business
Evaluating the ELT Master’s Program at Eastern Mediterranean University
The purpose of the present research is evaluating the English Language Teaching Master’s program at EMU (Eastern Mediterranean University). To fulfill this purpose, the program’s strengths and weaknesses were determined as they were perceived by different participants (instructors, students and alumni). In addition, the participants presented some suggestions and recommendations that would contribute to improving the evaluated program. At the end, the findings of this evaluation study revealed the ELT Master’s program’s level of success in fulfilling the students’ needs. This case-study was designed as a mixed methods research and followed Peacock’s (2009) framework of evaluation in its overall design, where data were collected through the use of qualitative as well as quantitative data collection tools. The perceptions of the instructors, students and alumni were collected through instructor interviews, student questionnaire and alumni questionnaire. A total of 34 participants agreed to take part in this study, five of whom were the instructors teaching in the program, 15 were students and the rest (14 participants) were the graduates (alumni) of the evaluated program. The study’s overall results revealed that the English Language Teaching Master’s program at Eastern Mediterranean University has more strong than weak points. The strongest points revealed through the evaluation are that this program teaches and trains students to conduct well organized and well written research; provides students with adequate theoretical knowledge; and promotes the students’ reflective practice. Other strengths that were mentioned are the qualified instructors and the general structure and content of the program. As for the weaknesses, it was revealed that the program lacked the necessary practical aspects of teaching; some instructors’ performance was unsatisfactory; guidance and training for thesis writing was insufficient; the requirements were overloaded and there was a lack of coordination and communication among students and instructors. According to the results obtained from this study, it was concluded that the English Language Teaching Master’s program at Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU) does meet the students’ needs to some extent. Furthermore, the suggestions provided by the participants for improving the program include the addition of some practical training in teaching; the addition and reorganization of several courses; improving the used materials; increasing the involvement of instructors in the classroom activities and improving communication between the staff themselves and between them and students. Based on the findings, some implications and suggestions for further studies were also provided.
An Investigation of Iranian Students’ English Proficiency Test Scores in Relation to some Selected Sociolinguistic Variables
Since the first day of language teaching in history, the main objective of language educators has been improving the target language competency among their students. However, achieving identical learning outcomes among language learners is almost impossible. No matter what teaching methodology and what teaching materials are used, the learning outcomes of students differ from each other. Considering this fact in mind, the researcher has tried to find whether socio-economic variables play any role in the learning outcome differences. Meantime, since the education system of Iran is highly centralized, it is a unique context to deliver this study. However, there is another fact valid for the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Educational System that makes Iran a unique context. After four decades of anti-intrusion policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) against the English language, the researcher has also tried to evaluate their success rates and to study the status of this language in Iran. This study has thus investigated the status of the English language in Iran on two levels: one concerning the state’s policies and another, the people’s attitudes. To do so, we carried out research on the content of education documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the English language teaching textbooks employed in the education system. To locate the society’s stance on the English language, we administered a survey study on 472 participants randomly sampled from undergraduate students from four state universities. We concluded that there is an evident gap between the approach of the Islamic government and the people’s approach toward the English language in the current Iranian society. In relation to the socio-economic variables, this study concluded that the attitudinal stances of Iranian EFL students towards learning English were more instrumentally oriented. However, their attitudes were more limited to affect level; they did not show that they were putting sufficient effort and desire to practice English out of classroom context. Accordingly, their generally low level of English competency can be explained. The next conclusion was that family background plays an active role in determining the success or failure of language learning attempts. The father’s occupation and the number of siblings were significantly interlaced related to the English competency level of participants. Age is another important factor in determining the English competency of Iranian EFL learners while the gender of the students does play an active role in their English competency earning, it needs to be highlighted that this is not valid in all geographical locations touched by this study. Geographical Location plays a very important role in determining success or failure among Iranian EFL learners. Finally, it should be underlined that ‘location’ and ‘culture’ have shown to be interrelated. Therefore, it can be concluded that culture is also an important factor. Keywords: Sociolinguistic Variables, Geographical Location, Age, Gender, Socioeconomic Status, Attitudes, Educational Policy