USA's intervention in Afganistan; Analysis of confidence gap and instability in the country

A period of power struggles started among various ethnic groups following the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan in 1989. With no gains these power struggles, an internal conflict erupted in the country and continued until the Taliban took control over almost 90 percent of Afghanistan in 1996. However, it led to the total destruction of the institutionalized state structure, and it is impossible to talk about any modern state structure under Taliban control. The instability in the country since the Soviet invasion went even deeper after the United States invaded Afghanistan in 2001, which occurred after the September 11 attacks. This paper analyzes the ongoing instability in Afghanistan, the issue of "credibility gap," as well as the US invasion, its causes and consequences. It searches for an answer to what factors are behind the deepening of the instability in Afghanistan for many years. The ethnic conflicts in the country underlie the ongoing instability. The conflicts that started after the Soviet invasion have led to polarization, which is regarded as an opportunity for the world powers to intervene in a country. Moreover, such ethnic conflicts have been great obstacles to a central government. Other reasons behind the instability include the growing strength of illegal and corrupt organizations that are involved in drug trafficking. The border dispute between Afghanistan and Pakistan also creates problems as the main ethnic groups in Afghanistan accept the tribes living on the other side of the border as belonging to the same kin. All such disputes make the already-existing problems even deeper. Arguments in the field suggest that instability in the country should be overcome with a practice of a federal state system in Afghanistan and by opening the way to multiculturalism, the withdrawal of foreign actors from the country, and finding a solution to the border dispute with Pakistan under the supervision of the UN or the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.