The movement of human communities, cultural interaction and spatial impact in Anatolia: A reading through history

The aim of this thesis is, to examine the human movements that occur in Anatolia with the emergence of Man in the world, to examine the effects of cultural movements and settlements on them and to reveal their interactions with each other in history. While revealing these interactions, it examines how the settlements that were born and developed in Anatolia had influenced, differentiated and evolved from these cultures. For this purpose, historical sources, settlement typologies, trade activities and trade roads, migration movements, and the historical interactions between the Culture, Settlements and Trades of the Anatolia had been ivestigated between the periods of the Palaeolithic period to the Turkish Republican period. One of the first things that will enable the better understanding of the cultural and cultural products that emerge from the movements of the human communities of Anatolia is knowing how cultural evolution, interaction and change had been taking place in this process. From caves to the first permanent shelters and villages; domestication of animals, and plants in the first settlement of the villages, the launch of the foundations of the first trade, the invention of the first paran, the foundation of the first trade colonies, the emergence of the first big cities and temples occurred in the Anatolian geography, and the cultures of all these human communities based on the physical conditions make it to be examined as a compulsory. This chronological investigation reveals that there is often a cultural evolution, and in this cultural evolution sits on the main basis which the development of the form is toward simple to complex. For this reason, the main idea of this work is the evaluation of the information within the framework of the "Cultural Evolution" theory, which allows a chronological reading among all the theories that are developed to understand, to define and to base the relation of "Human and Culture" in science and science philosophy. At the same time, the existence of cultural evolution has transformed the Anatolian cultural accumulation into a "palimpsest" structure within the process of cultural evolution. For this reason, a viewpoint from the conceptual framework of "Cumulative and Spatial Palimpsest" has been adopted to observe how the Anatolian cultural accumulation has evolved and transformed within the cultural evolution process. Palimpsest is a universal phenomenon of the material world and consists of a series of overlapping categories. In everyday use, it is defined as partial erasure of previous material traces during the overlapping of successive activities. Another definition refers to text layers in which the marks of the old writings can be seen as faint and the texts of both written over overlap when the previous writings on a parchment are erased and new texts are written on it. The concept of Palimpsest is a two-way concept, in a way that reveals that all out-of-date information can be erased and lost and destroyed while at the same time containing the accumulation and transformation of successive and partially protected activities. For this reason, the resultant integrity is much larger than the sum of its parts. In the right palimpsest, which is a complex concept and can be explained by five different categories, all tracks except the most recent ones have been deleted. The layers of successive activities in the 'cumulative Palimpsest overlap with each other without any evidence being lost. But at this point it is very difficult or impossible to distinguish between the same parts and the original parts that make up it. All the traces and details of the previous periods and the last traces are still there, but they are fused with each other and the original texture is curled. 'Spatial Palimpsest' is the preservation of the original texture of each period in history through the transfer of the different activities represented in the cumulative palimpsestes and the resulting material traces to different locations. 'Temporary Palimpsest' is a mix of materials and objects from different periods. 'Meaning Palimpsest' is the evolving divergence of meaning and meaning of a particular object in its use of different uses and contexts of its development. The first four types are different from the palipmsest because they are related to a single object. In the study which evaluates the emergence of cultur and cultural products and human settlements produced in Anatolian geography in the historical process from the cumulative and spatial palimpsest conceptual framework, it is explained historicaly and geographicaly where Anatolian geography had the interactions of all these events tried to clarify the heritage. Culture is defined as all of the means that show the measure of the sovereignty of the natural and social environment of man, which is used to communicate with all kinds of values created by man in the history cycle and to use it in the next generations. The primary precondition for the existence of the concept of culture is the existence of human and human communities. What makes culture is itself the "Human" and the "Human Communities" that it creates in history. Within this study, definitions are taken s basic ones such as "Culture is a form of life for a society" (Linton, 1965) and "Culture is the result of accumulation of past behavior in society" (Carr, 1943). Because the scope of the study is as important as the intercultural, nourishing and transforming interaction that the Human-Culture duality creates, as well as the cultural and historical context of the culture. If there is the possibility to talk about an Anatolian culture today and its traces, the main thing that has been provided is the transfer of the cultural accumulation produced by the human communities to the next process of concrete and abstract accumulations starting form very early paleothic age. The precondition for the existence of the concept of culture is the existence of man. It is impossible to talk about the concept of culture without human itself. Man is the only living creature that has the power and the ability to create a cultur in all life types in the world. The last 12,000 years of the biological evolution assumed to last for millions of years; but also a change that makes a tremendous leap in culture, apart from the fact that people are only forced to explore their biological boundaries. This change grew through from cave to building shelters, sheltering towns to traveling to planets other than cities, to the threshold of artificial intelligence, inevitably reveals the existence of a cultural evolution. The cultural evolution of man is as well as the biological evolution of the man. Human and culture relation is like two helices of a DNA. While this analogy is used for the Human-Settlement relationship, if we consider that the placements are a cult product of man, it is also possible to do the same for the relation of Human and Culture. For this reason, it is inevitable that a person who evolves toward biologically developed will evolve into a culturally developed one and an unlimited cultural evolution to the abstraction of concrete facts. For this reason, the Cultural Evolution model has been taken as the method. The method of the Cultural Evolution model, as well as the other method which it is based, is the formation of "Cultural Layers", which is also explained by the cumulative palimpsest concept during the transfer of cultural accumulation of human communities. The main theme of cultural stratification is based on the fact that the area of conflict emerged in the field of culture where the dominant culture spreads over the area and where different cultural layers begin to form dominance. In all this conceptual frame of Anatolia, all these factors have turned into a field of conflict. The cultural layers encountered in the field of conflict have sometimes created the main character of the leave behind, sometimes causing other dominant cultures to become faded within their dominance. Anatolia carries traces of such cultural strata from the early Neolithic times until the republican era in which modern state structure was established. As Anatolia carries traces of spatial palimpsests of the areas where these layers of culture are stacked on top of each other, these traces are filled with cultural memory areas such as the writing on a parchment that had been erased and rewritten. Along with the emergence of the human-culture relation, the relation of the Human-Settlements forms the basis of human movements. Settlements are the strongest cultural products ever produced by human communities. The evolution of the "Human Settlements" created by the human communities in Anatolia is in parallel with the evolution of the culture that both Human beings live and produce. In this process of development, from trees to caves, caves to villages and towns, as well as the foundation and foundation of all concrete and abstract cultural products produced by human societies, the roof has become "Settlements". The villagers who emerged for the first time with the need for people 's protection and protection began to grow with the addition of new functional cells over time and started to gain new functions as they grew up. As the Anatolian geography has the traces of the first settlements of the peoples and peasants in their first shelters, at the time of the first appearance of mankind, this heritage has turned into a pottery of geography that knows how to carry it in later periods. What made it possible for all these Human-Culture, Human-Settlements interactions to be possible is the concept of Migration of Mankind which we can define as Human Movements. The concept of migration has been the main basis of this work. So much that if the first condition of the environment in which the culture and settlement also occurs before man-culture relation or human-being relations is the existence of man, then the second condition is undoubtedly the migration which means that man moves from one place to another. The existence of cultures and settlements Two cases that have emerged in the past about 12,000 years of human being, immigration has become a phenomenon for mankind. Within all these conceptual associations, Anatolia has historically been transformed into a pot of layers of superimposed trade within the Traces of Migration, Traces of Culture, Settlement and Trade associations.