Doğal adsorban olarak Maclura pomifera (raf.) c. k. schneider meyvesi i̇le sulardan boyar madde gideriminin i̇ncelenmesi

In this study, the fruit of Maclura pomifera (Osage orange, mock orange), a member of the Moraceae family grown under the ecological conditions of Istanbul, was evaluated as a low-cost and environmentally friendly biosorbent, and the removal of methylene blue, malachite green, and crystal violet dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption was investigated. Adsorption experiments were conducted at temperatures of 298 K, 308 K, and 318 K and at initial dye concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm. The obtained data were evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models as well as kinetic models. The results indicated that the adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model and showed a good fit with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analyses (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and that its thermodynamic behavior varied depending on concentration, temperature, and surface coverage conditions. This indicates that adsorption is a multi-step process and may exhibit either exothermic or endothermic characteristics depending on the operating conditions. SEM–EDX analyses demonstrated that the heterogeneous and rough surface structure of the biosorbent, along with the presence of functional groups, supports its high adsorption performance. Overall, the results demonstrate that Maclura pomifera fruit is an effective, environmentally friendly, and low-cost biosorbent for the removal of various dye pollutants.