The effect of revenue diversification on the general budget in Iraq for the period (1980 -2022)

The Iraqi economy is characterized by major structural imbalances, including the imbalance of the state's general budget due to unilateral sources of income, as the revenue side of the budget was based almost entirely on one resource in financing the state's general budget, which is crude oil, and they neglected other sources, especially taxes and fees. As the abundance of revenues from the oil sector neglected the importance and role of other revenues, and thus the estimate of the state's general budget became dependent mainly on expected oil, which makes the economy vulnerable to external fluctuations resulting from fluctuations in the oil market as well as internal changes represented in the conditions and quantity of domestic production of crude oil. The research aimed to measure and analyze the impact of the diversity of public revenues (oil revenues, tax income, tariff revenues) on the efficiency of the work of the public budget in Iraq for the period (1980-2022) using the ARDL model. The study concluded that there is a positive and significant impact of oil revenues, on the general budget in the long run. Also the study concluded that there is a positive but not significant impact of tax income and tariff revenues on the general budget in the long run in the long run, and that there is a significant and positive impact of the oil revenues , tax income ,and tariff revenues on the general budget in the short term